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Stories of New York 



FOR 



SUPPLEMENTARY READING 



liY 



ELMA G. MARTIN 




SYRACUSE, N.' \." 

C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 

1900 



Copyright. 1900. by C. W. Kardeen 



< 



xA 



74267 



Library of Congresw 

Two Copies Received 
NOV 12 1900 

Copyright antra 



No 



SECOND COPY 

Delivered to 

ORDER DIVISION 
APR, 10 t901 



Publisher's Introduction 



The recent marked tendency to make local his- 
tory prominent in supplementary reading is in 
every way to be commended. Children like 
tales of adventure and daring; they like such 
tales the more if they know they are true, and 
still more if they are associated with places near 
by or well-known. 

New York is as remarkable in its history as in 
its geography. Here were the headquarters of 
the Indians ; here were some of most romantic 
of explorations; here were the most important 
battles of the revolution and of the war of 1812 ; 
here the Erie canal was built ; here the first steam- 
boat ran ; here the development of commerce and 
of manufactures has been the greatest. To 
ride from Albany to New York or to Buffalo is 
to pass through ~a region full of historical asso- 
ciations. 

This history is the rightful heritage of the chil- 
dren of the State. They have the right to expect 
of their education that it shall enable them to 
recognize its landmarks and recall their associa- 
tions. When they see from the windows of the 

(?) 



8 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

train the Oriskany monument, it should call up 
the picture of what was perhaps the pivotal bat- 
tle of the revolution, with General Herkimer 
wounded at the foot of the tree but still direct- 
ing his men. When they pass the ruins of 
Ticonderoga, their minds should recall Ethan 
Allen's rough demand for its surrender. Crown 
Point, Plattsburg, Oswego, Niagara, Stony Point 
— what memories of valiant deeds should cluster 
about these names. 

This volume is a contribution to this end. The 
stories deal with the Indians, the explorers, the 
patroons; they tell of Champlain and Stuyve- 
sant and Leisler ; of the settlement of New York, 
the burning of Schenectady, the capture of 
Ticonderoga and Stony Point, the surrender of 
Burgoyne, the treason of Arnold. Most of the 
stories are told as by contemporaries — the nar- 
rative of the wounded soldier to his grandchild, 
the letter of the husband to the wife, of the son 
to his absent mother. They have all been used 
in the schoolroom and have all been found to be 
interesting to the children. Profitable they can- 
not fail to be. 

For supplementary reading the advantage of 
stories which have a connection is well-known 
to observing teachers. The large, open type, 
the familiar conversational style, the illustra- 
tions, make it admirably adapted for a reader for 



PUBLISHER S INTRODUCTION 9 

children of the fourth to seventh grades. It 
will prove among the most pleasing to the chil- 
dren, and certainly among the most useful in 
every way. Our children should know what a 
grand old State they live in, and they cannot 
learn history more certainly and pleasantty than 
by using this volume as a reader. 

The expressed purpose of the regents of the 
University and of the department of public in- 
struction to give more and more prominence in 
the regents and in the uniform examinations in 
history and geography to the history and geog- 
raphy of New York, makes it especially desirable 
as an early preparation for these examinations. 



Contents 



PAGE 

I. The Indians of New York 17 

II. The Discovery of New York 22 

III. Samuel de Champlain 27 

IV. The Settlement of New York 31 

V. Indian Revenge 36 

VI. Life under the Patroons 40 

VII. Peter the Headstrong 46 

VIII. The Burning of Schenectady 52 

IX. Jacob Leisler 57 

X. Grandfather's Story of Fort Edward 62 

XI. The Stamp Act 69 

XII. The Capture of Ticonderoga 75 

XIII. Washington's Retreat from Long Is- 
land 79 

XIV. Burgoyne's Surrender 87 

XV. The Capture of Stony Point 94 

XVI. Arnold's Treason 99 

XVII. The Battle of Plattsburg 108 

XVIII. The Erie Canal 114 

(li) 



Portraits 



PAGE 

Alexander, William 80 

Andre, John 100 

Andros, Sir Edmund 57 

Arnold. Benedict 100 

Brant, John 21 

Burgoyne. Gen. John 88 

Cham plain, Samuel de 27 

Charles II 49 

Clinton. DeWitt 117 

Sir Henry 80 

Colden, Cadwallader 72 

Colles, Christopher 119 

Cruger, John 70 

Gates, Horatio 90 

Herkimer. Nicholas 89 

Howe. Earl Richard 79 

Sir William 79 

Hudson, Henry 23 

James II 49 

Johnson. Sir John 89 

Sir William 62 

KiiiL r Heudrick 65 



PAGE 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus 91 

Livingston, Robert 1 61 

Robert R 70 

Macomb, Alexander 109 

McDonough, Thomas 112 

MoDougall, Alexander 82 

Mary II 58 

Mifflin. Thomas... 83 

Morgan, Daniel 87 

Morris. Gouverneur 119 

Putnam. Israel so 

St. Leger, Barry. 89 

Schuyler. Philip 90 

Stark, John 89 

Stirling. Lord 80 

Stuyvesant, Peter 46 

Thayendanegea 21 

Washington, George 81 

Wayne, Anthony 95 

William III 58 



(13) 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



The Indians of New York 



Hundreds of years ago, before the foot of 
white man ever trod the soil of the new world, 
where now fruitful farms and populous towns 
lie, the Indian roamed through the forest, or 
paddled his canoe over the smooth lake or rapid 
river. Extending through the State of New 
York was the country of the Iroquois, a con- 
federation composed of five, and later of six 
tribes. The Mohawks occupied the eastern part 
of the State. West of them were the Oneidas, 
Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. These tribes 
were united in war, but each governed itself in 
local affairs, only sending its sachems and war- 
riors to the grand council held at the call of the 
chief sachem of the confederation, at a town of 
the Onondagas near the site of the present city 
of Syracuse. 

Many towns of the various tribes were scat- 
tered through the State. Let us suppose our- 
selves in one of the villages of the Senecas, the 
tribe most skilled in building. It is situated 
near the shore of one of the beautiful lakes of 
central New York. The land slopes gently down 

(17) 



18 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

to the pebbly beach, and at a distance of a few 
hundred yards from the lake we see through the 
trees the habitation of the Indians. Before the 
door is a tall pole bearing the rudely-carved repre- 
sentation of the bear, the totem of this particu- 
lar family. Each tribe was divided into families 
or clans, all supposedly descended from the same 
female ancestor, and each having its separate 
sign or totem. 

The building is a narrow structure, consider- 
ably over one hundred feet in length, with gable 
toward the lake. It is built with a wooden 
framework covered with elm -bark. These long 
houses are built to last several years, and are 
much more substantial than the wigwams of 
some other tribes. Issuing from a number of 
holes in the roof, are thin lines of smoke. En- 
tering a building by a door at the end, we wouid 
find ourselves in a passageway between two rows 
of stalls. The first two, nearest the entrance, 
are reserved for storing the beans, corn, tobacco 
and other stores belonging to the tribe. Every- 
thing except weapons and trinkets is held in 
common, and to these storehouses all members 
of the tribe go for provisions. 

Passing on we see four stalls or rooms grouped 
about a common fire-place, which is a pit in the 
hard earthen floor, directly under a hole in the 
roof. Each of these stalls serves for the home 



THE INDIANS 19 

of a family. There are six or seven fire-pits, 
each with its accompanying group of rooms, 
and at the farther end, store-rooms similar to 
those we first found. 

Over one of the fires a squaw is cooking the 
family supper. This consists of parched corn 
and fish, just caught from the lake. Part of 
the smoke from the fire escapes through the hole 
in the roof above it, and part settles down, ren- 
dering the air almost unbreathable. There are 
no windows and the only light comes from 
above, and from the fires. 

These Indians raise corn, beans, pumpkins, 
squashes and sunflowers, the women cultivating 
the soil with rude hoes made by tying a flat 
stone to a stick. The lake and forest supply the 
remainder of the food. The only domestic ani- 
mal is the dog, numbers of which skulk about 
the dwellings. 

Passing outside we see some of the squaws 
returning from labor in the fields, many with 
their pappooses strapped to a board on their 
backs, peering out with their beady black eyes. 
On entering the house the mother will hang the 
baby in its strange cradle on the wall, while she 
busies herself with domestic duties. 

A few old men linger about the house, sitting 
on the ground in the light of the setting sun, 



20 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

smoking pipes of copper with earthenware bowls. 
Their dress is of skins, and on their feet they 
wear mocasins made of the hide of the deer. 

At length, just as daylight is fading away, a 
faint shout is heard from the lake. All rush to 
the shore, and spy a black speck which soon 
shows itself to be a number of canoes, paddled 
rapidly by muscular Indian warriors. Their 
paddles keep time to a peculiar rhythmic chant 
which, as they approach the shore, gives place 
to a succession of blood-curdling whoops. They 
seem intoxicated with joy. Upon reaching the 
shore they rush madly from the canoes, brandish- 
ing bows and arrows, and waving in the air the 
bloody scalps of their enemies, for this is a re- 
turning war party. The warriors are muscular, 
well-formed men, with hair adorned with feath- 
ers and bodies smeared with paints in various 
colors and designs. 

A huge fire is hastily kindled near the shore, 
the warriors snatch food, quickly cooked by the 
squaws, devour it as a hungry animal would, 
some men eating pieces of raw meat, and begin 
a weird dance about the fire. This, slow and 
measured at first, and accompanied by the rattle 
of rude drums, soon becomes fierce and furious, 
and is continued until one after another of the 
warriors becomes exhausted. 



THE INDIANS 21 

Such were the Indians of New York. Skilful 
above other tribes in 
building the long-houses, 
in the manufacture of 
rude stone-headed ar- 
rows, spears, and toma- 
hawks, cunning in the 
chase and on the war- 
path, faithful to a friend 
and cruel and revengeful 
john brant, thayendane^ea to an enemy, they pos- 
sessed the faults and virtues of wild children of 
the forest. 




The Discovery of New York 



About the table upon which the evening meal 
was spread, in a modest Dutch home, were 
gathered, early in the winter of 1609, a middle- 
aged matron and her three children, two little 
daughters and a tall, stalwart son. There was 
an air of great excitement in the group, and 
admiring glances were frequently cast at the 
boy, who, from his appearance, was a sailor, 
who had just returned from a long voyage. 

After finishing the frugal supper, the younger 
girl climbed to her brother's knee, and said, in 
an awe-stricken tone, ' ' And you were really in 
the New World, Heinrich ! Were there dragons 
there, and goblins ? ' ' 

" No, little sister," was the reply, "but there 
were strange beasts and stranger men. Sit still 
and I will tell you about it. ' ' So while the elder 
girl put away the remains of the meal, and the 
mother took her knitting, the boy recounted his 
adventures. 

t4 You know," said he, "how anxious the 
East India Company was to find a route to India 
toward the northwest. We sailed in that direction 

(22) 




THE DISCOVERY OF NEW YORK 23 

after leaving Texel last April, hoping to discover 

the long wished for pas- 
sage, but we met only 
fogs, winds, and ice and 
had to turn back. Then 
Captain Hudson steered 
south, sailing for w r eeks 
through unknown seas. 
Early in July we spoke 
some French fishermen 
henry Hudson, 1550-16H on tb e banks of New- 
foundland, and a few days later entered a very 
good harbor a little to the south on the coast of 
the mainland, where we set a new main mast 
and mended our sails. Then we pursued our 
journey toward the south and, on the eighteenth 
of August, rode at anchor off the mighty bay 
into which the river of King James, in Virginia, 
flows. As the passages toward the south had 
been explored by the English and the Spanish, 
we turned our prow northward, to view more 
carefully the shores we had passed. 

' ' Early in September we entered a goodly bay 
in which all the ships of Holland might ride in 
safety. We anchored, and the savages came 
out to us in canoes made of hollow trees, which 
they paddled with much dexterity ; they wished 
to exchange their furs for knives and beads. 
The next day some of us landed. As Captain 



2-i STORIES OF NEW YORK 

Hudson stepped on shore the Indians stood and 
chanted in a strange, weird fashion, believing 
us to be visitors from Heaven. They wore fur 
or feather mantles, shell bracelets and necklaces, 
and some of the men had pipes of copper with 
earthen bowls, in which they burn that plant 
called tobacco which Sir Walter Ealeigh brought 
into fashion in England. They passed the 
lighted pipes around from one to the other, each 
puffiing at it in turn. ' ' 

'"And did you take it too?" questioned the 
child on his knee. " Did it taste good ? " 

' ' Yes, I took some, but it was a strange, 
strong plant, and it gave me a queer, bad feel- 
ing, ' ' was the reply. 

' ' The day after this, ' ' he continued, ' ' John 
Colman, an Englishman of the crew, was killed 
by an arrow while returning from exploring the 
shore. This made us more cautious, and we 
soon moved up the bay to the mouth of the 
river, which the Indians said flows far and feels 
the tides of the ocean. Next day we started 
northward, sailing sometimes past steep, rocky 
cliffs, and sometimes along green, gently-slop- 
ing shores. It is a noble river, and the land 
through which it flows is as fair as one could 
wish to see. 

' ' Occasionally we stopped and visited friendly 
natives. Once they offered us a banquet, send- 



THE DISCOVERY OF NEW YORK 25 

ing hunters out into the forest for pigeons and 
other game, and killing fat dogs. They had 
quantities of a grain called maize which is very 
good when parched. 

" We did not stop long, but went on until we 
could no longer feel the tide, and the stream be- 
came quite shallow in places. Then the Half 
Moon was anchored, and the ships' boat was 
manned and sent still further up the river. I 
was one of the crew. We rowed some distance 
up a tributary of the stream, which comes from 
the west, but the river constantly grew smaller, 
so we gave up and returned to the ship. 

' * The captain was very much disappointed, for 
he had hoped to go that way to the Indies, and 
he sorrowfully ordered the ship to be turned 
down stream. 

' ' When we again came to the mouth of the 
river we found the same friendly natives who 
had shown themselves on our first arrival. Cap- 
tain Hudson determined to give them a feast, 
and invited them on board the Half Moon. He 
gave them, among other things, some of our 
rum to drink. The chief took the cup, smelled 
it, and passed it on. The next did the same, 
and all refused to drink, until one, fearing we 
would take offence, said good-bye to his friends, 
took the rum and hastily swallowed it. Soon 
he began to lose his senses and fell down drunk. 



26 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

The others thought him dead, but, after sleeping 
a while, he awoke and told them that it was the 
strongest water he had ever drunk, but that it 
made him happier than he had ever been before 
in his life. 

' ' After the banquet the Indians paddled away 
in their canoes, with presents of beads, cloth 
and knives. The next day we set sail for home, 
reaching Dartmouth, as I told you, the seventh 
of November. King James heard of our discov- 
eries, and, as he knew Captain Hudson to be an 
Englishman, he stopped the vessel and will not 
allow her to leave. The captain sent his charts 
and log-book, with some other papers to the East 
India Company at Amsterdam, and I was one 
of those whom he selected to bring them. I 
came home as soon as they were delivered. ' ' 

' ' I am glad you are home, and were not killed 
by those Indians, like the Englishman, 1 ' whis- 
pered the little girl, sleepily. 

' ' Come, daughter, you must not stay up too 
late, listening to your brother's tales. He can 
tell you more to-morrow. It is time for bed 
now, ' ' said the mother, and the children dutifully 
kissed mother and brother and left the room. 



Samuel de Ohamplain 




While Hudson was making his way up the 
beautiful river which bears 
his name, a French voy- 
ager had entered the terri- 
tory occupied by the pres- 
ent State of New York, 
from the north. Samuel 
de Ohamplain, for such 
was his name, had made 
a number of voyages to 
Samuel de champlain. 1567-1635 Canada, or New France as 

it was then called, and had established a settle- 
ment at Quebec. 

Making friends of the Algonquin Indians, he 
explored much of the St. Lawrence region in 
their company, and in the summer of 1609 was 
induced to join a war-party against the Iroquois, 
or Five Nations, a confederacy occupying the 
territory to the south of Lake Ontario and the 
St. Lawrence river. Ohamplain, two French 
companions, and the warriors of the Algonquin 
tribe made their way up the Sorrel river, pad- 
dling swiftly along when the river was smooth, 

(27) 



28 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

and carrying their frail birch bark canoes on their 
backs around the water-falls and rapids. They 
entered the beautiful lake, studded with islands 
and surrounded by forest-clad mountains, to 
which Champlain gave his name, and paddled 
down to a promotory where Fort Ticonderoga 
was later built, before seeing any of their ene- 
mies. Suddenly near evening one day, an Iro- 
quois war party was seen approaching the shore, 
and both parties halted and waited until morn- 
ing for the battle, spending the night in taunts 
and jeers at each other. 

The Iroquois was one of the bravest and most 
warlike tribes of the new world, but, relying 
upon their white companions, the Algonquins 
were confident of victory. They had previously 
planned the battle, in accordance with Indian 
methods, by selecting a level plot of ground, 
using sticks for warriors and longer ones for 
chiefs, and sticking them upright in the ground, 
the warriors gathering around, studying the 
arrangement and making suggestions, each one 
learning his own position in the battle. 

When morning dawned the Algonquins ad- 
vanced, carefully concealing the Frenchmen, 
until they had approached within a few hundred 
yards of their enemies. The Indians told Cham- 
plain that they were sure of victory if he could 
only kill three chiefs who came forward in front 



SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 29 

of the Iroquois band, wearing plumes, and 
dressed in armor made of cotton-fibre. The 
Algonquin ranks opened and Champlain ad- 
vanced twenty paces; he stopped, levelled his 
gun, a short arquebus loaded with four balls, 
and fired. This discharge killed two chiefs and 
wounded one warrior. 

Astounded at the noise and at the effect of 
the shot, for the cotton- fibre coats of mail were 
impervious to arrows, and they could not under- 
stand how the bullets could penetrate them, the 
Iroquois broke and fled, pursued by the howling 
Algonquins. Thus, by one shot, did Champlain 
gain for his Indian allies the victory, and for 
himself and his countrymen the lasting enmity 
of the Iroquois. Moved by this defeat, and 
others of a like nature, this powerful nation al- 
ways aided the English against the French. 

A few months later Champlain and five of his 
French comrades accompanied his Indian allies 
on another war expedition, during which they 
attacked a fortified town of the Onondagas in 
central New York. 

Whooping and yelling, they reached the town, 
which was surrounded by a stockade of logs. 
Leaving the Algonquins out of reach of the ar- 
rows of their enemies, Champlain and his white 
companions approached the stockade, and, 
thrusting their muskets through crevices, fired 



30 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

at the defenceless Indians within. At last, see- 
ing their ammunition was getting low, they bade 
the Algonquins approach the wall, under cover 
of their shields, and attach ropes to the posts, by 
which the structure could be pulled down and a 
breach made so that the assailants could enter. 
This was done, and the warriors were about pull- 
ing down the stockade, when Champlain spied a 
small party of French fur traders approaching 
in a canoe. He bade the Indians wait so that 
his friends could " have some of the sport ". 

When they came up, the traders took their 
muskets and fired into the living mass of red 
warriors within, until they became tired, when 
the stockade was pulled down and the Algon- 
quins finished the destruction of the town. Out 
of one hundred warriors only seven escaped. 
The Algonquins gave Champlain the entire credit 
for this victory, as they rarely attacked a forti- 
fied town when unassisted, relying almost 
entirely on treachery and cunning to surprise 
their enemies in the forest or field, when away 
from the towns. 

Other Frenchmen entered New York to fight 
against the Iroquois, and thus some of the 
strongest and most civilized tribes were alienated 
from them and made to serve as a protection to 
the English in the later struggles between the 
French and English. 



The Settlement of New York 



On the dock in the city of Amsterdam, one 
bright day in the summer of 1613, stood a group 
of four, talking earnestly and rapidly. They 
were the same persons whom we saw gathered 
around the supper table listening to the tale of 
the adventures of the son. Near by was moored 
the good ship ' ' Tiger ' ' ready to sail on a voyage 
to the New World for a cargo of furs. She was 
laden with cloth and trinkets for barter with the 
savages. The last of the cargo had just been 
taken aboard, chains rattled, officers shouted 
their orders, and the time had come to start. 

' ' Good-bye, mother, ' ' said the sailor as he was 
ordered on board. 

' ' Good-bye, my son, ' ' replied the mother em- 
bracing him with tears in her eyes. 

The sisters then came in for their share of 
leave taking. " Good-bye, Heinrich. Will you 
bring me back a little Indian baby to play with, 
and a string of pearls like pigeon's eggs?" said 
the younger. 

"Yes, Minnchen, if I can get them. Good- 
bye, little sisters, and be good while I am gone, ' ' 

(31) 



32 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

and with a kiss and an embrace for each he 
joined a group of his comrades and hurried on 
board. 

The vessel weighed anchor and was soon un- 
der way, amid the fluttering of kerchiefs and the 
tears of the parting. A voyage to the New 
World meant much in those days. It was long 
and full of peril. 

After the vessel had sailed out of sight the 
mother and daughters, each weeping silently, 
started on their way back to their home. They 
must walk long, weary miles to their humble 
village dwelling, yet they did not mind that, if 
only they might see their loved one until the last 
minute. 

A company of rich Amsterdam merchants had 
sent Captain Adriaen Block, an experienced navi- 
gator and a brave man, to the New Netherlands, 
as the country discovered by Hudson was called, 
for a cargo of furs. Four other ships, of which 
the "Fortune", commanded by Captain Hen- 
drik Christiaensen was one, were sent about the 
same time. Heindrik Braun had been anxious 
to take the voyage with Captain Block, as he 
had already visited the New World in company 
with Hudson. 

Months passed by and at last it was told in 
Amsterdam that the ' fc Fortune " was in. After 
this became known, his mother and sisters waited 



THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK 33 

longingly for news of the ' ' Tiger ' ' and of Hein- 
rich. In a few days one of his companions 
brought to the little home a letter, an unusual 
thing in those days. After much spelling and 
studying, the little family was able to make out 
the following : 

" Island of Mannahatta, ) 
Eighth of May, 1615. ] 

"My highly esteemed and beloved mother: 

" Since I left you on the dock at Amsterdam 
many months have passed and much has hap- 
pened. I wish I could sit by our fireside and tell 
you about it, as I did six years ago, with little 
Minnie on my knee. But I suppose she would 
think herself too large to sit there now. 

" We had a fine passage and moored, early in 
September, in the fine harbor which we entered 
with Captain Hudson. Many natives visited us 
and we soon had a quantity of rich furs in ex- 
change for some of our cloth, beads and trinkets. 
But we had not a cargo, so decided to wait for a 
party of Indians from up the river. 

" We were nearly all on shore one day, when 
we discovered the 4 Tiger ' was in flames. We 
sprang to tlie boats, but arrived too late to save 
the ship, although a large part of her cargo was 
saved. 

" Captain Block at once set about building a 
small vessel of sixteen tons burden, which we 



34 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

called the 'Restless'. To furnish quarters for 
the crew while this was being built, and to store 
the cargo, we built a few huts on this island, 
which the Indians call Mannahatta. 

' ' After the ' Eestless ' was finished Captain 
Block left part of the crew with some of the fur 
traders on the island to traffic with the Indians, 
and went eastward to see what lands might be 
there. We who were left set about building a 
truck house and fort. We built a square log 
house with loop-holes on all sides, and surrounded 
it with a palisade of logs. 

" After Captain Block had been gone about 
three months, Captain Hendrick Christiaensen 
was going further up the river, and, as I had 
been there before, he desired me to accompany 
him, which I did, although the winter weather 
was upon us and the river often filled with float- 
ing ice. 

" We proceeded up the river almost as far as 
the ship could go, then landed and commenced 
trading with the Indians. Captain Christiaensen 
concluded to build a truck- house on a small 
island which we called Castle Island. We built 
the house of logs and surrounded it with a 
stockade and a moat eighteen feet wide. We 
stayed some time at this place, and then sailed 
south with a cargo of furs, leaving a garrison of 
twelve men to trade with the Indians. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK 35 

' ' When we reached Mannahatta, which we of 
Amsterdam wish to call New Amsterdam, we 
found our men on very friendly terms with the 
natives and some of them not at all opposed to 
remaining until other ships come next year. I, 
too,' decided to stay, partly because Captain 
Christiaensen could not take many of us, as he 
has to follow the coast eastward until he finds 
Captain Block, and take him and some of the 
crew of the k Eestless ' back to Holland, and 
partly because there is need of men here, and I 
like the adventurous life of the trading post. 

' ' Captain Christiansen will see that this long 
letter is delivered to you, that you may know 
that I am alive and well, and desirous to be 
with you all. 

' ' My warmest love to both the dear sisters 
and to yourself, my most highly esteemed mother, 
' ' From your fond son, 

"Heinrich Braun." 



Indian Revenge 



Two Indians, one a chief past the meridian 
of life, but stiU full of the strength and vigor 
which comes from a life in the forest, the other 
a boy of perhaps fourteen or fifteen years, 
straight and willowy in form, were sauntering 
along the shore of a little lake which occupied 
formerly that part of Manhattan Island where 
later the Tombs was built. It was a clear 
autumn day in the year 1626. The sun glistened 
on the water and the light breeze brought down 
the leaves in showers. A flock of wild geese 
settled down slowly on the reedy margin of the 
lake, and the two stopped to watch them. 
Blows of the hammer resounded from the fort 
which was being built on the lower part of the 
island by direction of Governor Minuit. The In- 
dians, wno were from one of the tribes of River 
Indians, were about to resume their way to the 
trading post, whither they were taking a bundle 
of skins for barter, when suddenly they were 
confronted by three Dutchmen, farm servants 
of Governor Minuit. who were returning empty- 
handed from an examination of their traps, set 
the night before. 

(36) 



INDIAN REVENGE 37 

" The Indian has furs. The red-skins take all 
and leave none for us," said one, seeing the 
bundle in the possession of the chief, and angry 
at his own poor success. 

16 Let's take what he has, " shouted another. 

"We're with you," responded the third, and 
I they attempted to rob the defenceless savages. 

The Indians resisted. Loud and angry words 
1 were exchanged, then blows, until at last the 
three drew their knives and killed the unoffend- 
ing chief. At the death of his uncle, the young 
Indian started and fled, with the last words of 
the murdered man, "Revenge, revenge," ring- 
ing in his ears. How well he carried out the 
dying commands, the later history of the colony 
Jean tell. 

P The governor neglected to expiate the crime 
by the payment of wampum, according to the 
Indian custom, and years passed. Governor 
Minuit was succeeded by Wouter Van Twiller, 
and he in turn by headstrong, cruel William 
Kieft. Kieft aroused the slumbering hatied of 
the tribes along the Hudson by imposing a trib- 
ute of furs and corn. Soon some swine were 
stolen from a plantation on Staten Island. The 
governor charged the innocent Raritans with the 
theft, and sent an armed force against them. 
Several Indians were killed. This served to 
arouse all the tribes about New Amsterdam. 



38 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

Just at this time the nephew of the chief who 
had been killed by Minuit's servants, remember- 
ing the slaughter of his uncle, determined to 
execute the vow of vengeance which he had 
taken so long before. He crossed over to Man- 
hattan, steathily entered the cabin of Glaus 
Smits near the East River, slew him, plun- 
dered his dwelling, and fled. Thus had the 
slaughter of the unoffendiug warrior borne its 
bitter fruit. 

But still more was to follow. His chief re- 
fused to give up the murderer at Kieft's demand. 
The angry governor was delighted to have a cause 
for war, but the colonists were as anxious to 
avert it. So great was the pressure brought to 
bear upon him that Kieft called a council of 
twelve men to advise him. This was the first 
representative assembly called for political pur- 
poses in New York. The twelve were anxious 
to secure peace with the Indians, but at last, in 
return for concessions granted by the governor, 
they gave a reluctant consent to the punishment 
of the Indians for the murder of Smits. 

The red-skins eluded an expedition sent against 
them, and made a nominal peace with the Dutch. 
At midwinter a large war party of Mohawks 
came down the Hudson and the river tribes fled 
to the Dutch for protection, encamping near the 
river. Instead of rendering their red brethern 



INDIAN REVENGE 39 

eternally greatful to them, and showing their 
humanity and Christian spirit, the Dutch, al- 
though this course was strongly resisted by most 
of the colonists, surprised the Indians on a cold 
night, and about a hundred savages, squaws and 
papooses as well as warriors, were slaughtered 
in cold blood. 

Naturally the Indians retaliated in every way 
possible. Villages and farms were made deso- 
late, and the colony was on the verge of ruin, 
which was averted only by the recall of Kieft 
and the appointment of Peter Stuyvesant in his 
place. 



Life Under the Patroons 



It was a pleasant day in the autumn of the 
year 1642. A soft haze hung over the Hudson, 
and the forests which lined its banks were re- 
flected in its blue depths with all the gorgeous 
beauty of red and gold with which nature had 
clothed them. On the western bank of the 
river, near where Fort Orange, with its accom- 
panying cluster of houses — then called Bevers- 
wyck, now Albany — was situated, two girls 
about twelve and fourteen years of age, were 
busily engaged in gathering the nuts which the 
frost of the previous night had scattered in 
abundance on the ground. Squirrels chattered 
among the trees, angry at the intrusion, and 
occasionally a flock of wild fowl skimmed over 
the tranquil waters of the river. 

The girls were Lisbet and Gerretji van Nieuk- 
kerk, daughters of the schepen of Eensselaer- 
wick. Gerritji, stopping to chase a squirrel as 
he ran along the ground from one tree to another, 
suddenly called out : ' 4 Lisbet ! Lisbet ! look, the 
sloop is coming up the river ! ' ' 

Sailing slowly along in the light breeze was 

(40) 



LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS -±1 

the little vessel which did service between 
Rensselaerwick, the large estate of Patroon 
Van Rensselaer, and Manhattan Island. 

" Let's go and see her come in," shouted Lis- 
bet, and off they ran in the direction of the 
wharf. As they came near they saw Arendt 
van Curler, who governed the colony in the ab- 
sence of the Patroon, walking with several others 
in the direction oi the wharf. Women and chil- 
dren stood in groups near, and the two girls 
joined oue of these groups. 

Slowly the sloop sailed in, and at last her pas- 
sengers could disembark. They were met at the 
wharf by the men, and welcomed by a hearty 
Dutch kiss and an embrace. Foremost of the 
group of comers was a man of about forty years 
of age, in the garb of a Dutch minister. He 
was accompanied by a woman, evidently his 
wife, and four children, a girl probably sixteen 
years of age, and three younger boys. These 
were Dominie Johannes Megapolensis, who had 
been sent over to preach the gospel on the estate 
of Patroon Van Rensselaer, and his family. 
There were also a number of other settlers, two 
of them accompanied by their wives. 

Van Curler escorted the men and women to 
the settlement, but the children, allured by the 
sight of others near their own age, and wearied 
by their long passage up the river, lingered and 



42 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

were approached by Lisbet and Gerritje van 
Meukerke. 

" My name's Gerritje ; what's yours ? " queried 
the girl, bashfully twisting one yellow braid, and 
poking her bare toe into the sand. 

" My name is Hellegond Megapolensis, and 
these are my brothers, Dirrick, Johannes, and 
Samuel," replied the new comer. 

"Will you have some of our nuts?" said 
Lisbet, offering an apron filled with chestnuts. 

All accepted the invitation gladly and soon 
became quite talkative. They wandered off 
into the woods by the wayside, and finally sat 
down on a fallen tree at the outskirts of the 
settlement. 

' k Yes, ' ' Hellegond was saying, ' k we came 
from Amsterdam on the ship ' De Houttuyn ' 
with Captain Adriaen Dircksen Houttuyn. We 
waited over two weeks at the Manhattans for 
the sloop to come for us ; then we had a pleasant 
passage up the North Eiver ; but the time seemed 
long, for we were tired of being on the ship, and 
longed to get to our new home. How long have 
you been here ? ' ' 

' ' We came nearly twelve years ago, ' ' answered 
Lisbet, "when I was only two years old and 
Gerritje a baby. That is our house over there 
near the river, ' ' and she pointed to a substantial 
log cabin to the left. "That is my father's 



LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS 43 

wheat field, too, and he raises more wheat on it 
than any other man in the colony on the same 
amount of land. ' ' 

' ' But I thought all the land belonged to Myn- 
heer Van Eensselaer, " said Dirrick. 

" So it does," continued Lisbet, " but we rent 
it of him and pay him so much wheat or so many 
skins for the use of it each year. Our noble 
patroon, you know, furnishes the settlers with 
as much land as they can cultivate, with horses 
and cows, plows and tools, and they pay him 
half the increase of their flocks and herds, and 
a portion of the crops raised. They sometimes 
prefer to pay a fixed rent each year, as my 
father does. No settler can leave the land for 
ten years, and if he leaves at the end of that 
time, all the buildings he has built belong to the 
patroon. We are not allowed to weave cloth or 
to grind our own grain, but must buy the cloth 
which comes from Holland in the West India 
Company's ships, and have the grain ground in 
the patroon 's mill. We must give him the first 
chance to buy anything we have to sell, too. He 
has a right to govern us as he pleases, but must 
protect us from the Indians, and is to provide a 
church and a school. We expect to have a 
church before Christmas, right over there on 
that hill ; and there is to be a ferry to bring the 
farmers from the other side of the river to 
church." 



44 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

' ' Are there Indians here ? ' ' said little Samuel, 
looking about him in a frightened manner. 

" Oh, yes," responded Gerritje, " lots of them, 
but they will not harm you, now. They are not 
at war with as, and only come to the fort to 
trade furs and wampum for cloth, beads or guns. ' ' 

"Don't you think we had better go back to the 
father, sister ? ' ' queried the little fellow, shortly, 
looking about him as if he expected to see a 
painted savage spring out the woods. 

' ' Yes, dear, ' ' was the smiling reply, as they 
all arose to join the older people. 

They found their elders about to sit down to a 
meal prepared for them by Mistress van Curler 
and her willing neighbors. The room in which 
the table was laid was a long one, with a large 
fire-place at one side, surmounted by an oaken 
mantle on which was usually a row of bright 
pewter dishes, but these were now in use. The 
ceiling was low and the oaken beams were stained 
with smoke. About the sides of the room were 
guns, swords, bows and arrows, intermingled 
with strings of dried apples and pumpkins, and 
ears of corn hanging by their braided husks. 
The floor was covered with white sand. In one 
corner was a large clock, and drawn up to one 
side of the fire-place was a large oaken chair 
which had evidently been brought from the 
mother country. 



LIFE UNDER THE PATROONS 45 

At the head of the heavy oaken table sat 
Dominie Megapolensis with his wife next to him. 
The others were ranged about the table, and 
about smaller ones improvised of boards and 
benches. The tables groaned with the hearty 
viands dear to the Dutch housewife. Whole 
hams, haunches of venison, wild turkeys, hams, 
corn bread, cheese, with pumpkin pies, oily 
koeks, new milk, pots of tea, and pitchers of 
foaming beer, appeared as if by magic, and just 
as rapidly disappeared. The children, who were 
to wait until the older people had finished, were 
afraid there would be nothing left for them, but 
the stock of provisions held out, and they gorged 
themselves until they could eat no more. After 
a romp on the grass, the two girls proudly led 
the four strangers home to spend the night with 
them, for the new settlers had to stay at the 
different houses until homes could be provided 
for them. 



Peter the Headstrong 




Peter Stuy vesant, often called Peter the Head- 
strong, was the last, and 
in many respects, the best 
of the Dutch governors of 
New Amsterdam. By pro- 
fession a soldier, he was 
fond of the arbitrary na- 
ture of military rule. He 
was a thorough disciplin- 
arian, fond of show, aris- 

peter stuyvesant. 1602-1682 tocratic in the extreme, 

haughty toward his subordinates, but inflexibly 
honest, just and patriotic. He had been gover- 
nor of Curagoa for the Dutch West India Com- 
pany and, while besieging the Portugese island 
of St. Martin, had lost a leg. The need of skil- 
ful medical treatment had brought him to Hol- 
land, and while there, he received the appoint- 
ment of director general in place of William 
Kieft, whom the company had decided to recall. 
The little fleet of four vessels bearing the new 
director and some settlers, arrived at Manhattan 
one pleasant May morning in 1647. The whole 

(46) 



PETER THE HEADSTRONG 47 

city turned out under arms to meet him, shouted 
themselves hoarse, and nearly exhausted the gun- 
powder of the town to show their joy at his 
arrival. 

Stuyvesant marched proudly up to the fort, 
displaying his silver-mounted wooden leg, which 
gained him the title of "Old Silver-leg". In 
utter disregard of everyone but himself, he kept 
a number of citizens standing for several hours 
bare-headed in the hot sunshine, and then made a 
speech to the people in which he promised to 
govern them "as a father his children, for the 
advantage of the chartered Dutch West India 
Company and these burghers and their land." 

He was too honest to conceal his views and 
soon declared, ' ' If any one during my adminis- 
tration shall appeal, I will make him a foot 
shorter and send the pieces to Holland, and let 
him appeal in that way. ' ' But, although des- 
potic, honesty and wisdom characterized his gov- 
ernment. Trade was regulated, relations with 
other colonies were adjusted, Indian troubles set- 
tled, the morals of the people and the support of 
religion'attended to. 

Peter succeeded at last in infusing some of his 
own energetic spirit into the people, and a period 
of comparative prosperity followed. Led by 
patriotic feeling, he dropped the Indian name of 
Manhattan and called the capitol of the colony 



48 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

New Amsterdam. He found the town a strag- 
gling, irregularly built village, and he insisted 
upon the construction of buildings with reference 
to street lines. Houses of logs thatched with 
reeds and straw, with windows of oiled paper, 
began to give way to more pretentious dwellings 
of tiles, shingles and brick. At first brick was 
imported from Holland at great expense, but 
finally a brick yard was established on the island. 
The houses were surrounded by gardens in which 
tulips and cabbages, with some other flowers and 
vegetables, were grown. The floors of the living 
rooms were strewn with white sand, marked in- 
to fanciful shapes with the broom. Huge chests 
filled with homespun linen occupied the corners, 
cupboards with glass doors displayed rows of 
shinging pewter plates, and the wealthier citizens 
often had china tea sets and solid silver spoons, 
tankards, and punch bowls. 

The citizens rose at cock-crowing, breakfasted 
at sunrise, dined at eleven, and at nine o'clock 
retired. The usual social gatherings were tea 
parties which began at three o'clock in the after- 
noon in winter, and ended at six, at Avhich time 
the visitors went home and did their milking. 
The young men accompanied the maidens to their 
homes, and before departing decorously printed 
a resounding kiss on the blooming cheek at the 
gate. All were thrifty, economical and indus- 
trious. 



PETER THE HEADSTRONG 49 

These were the ''good old days", often dis- 
turbed, however by quarrels between the despotic 
Stuyvesant and the citizens, who, influenced 
partly by the settlers from New England, grew 
more and more anxious for self-government. 
In England Charles II had taken the reins of 
government which fell 
from the weak hands of 
the republicans and, anx- 
ious to please his subjects 
and keep his power, had 
proclaimed ' ' liberty t o 
tender consciences ' ' . The 
Dutch West India Com- 
pany followed the exam- 

('harles II. 1630-1685 x _ " in 

re.gned. 1661-1685 pie, but Stuyvesant, de- 

voted to the doctrines of the Dutch Reformed 
church, began a series of petty persecutions 
which drove people to dislike him heartily. 
At this juncture news came that an English 
fleet, sent by James, Duke 
of York, brother to Charles 
II, was on its way to cap- 
ture New Amsterdam. 
Thoroughly frightened, 
Peter tried to fortify the 
city, but the people would 
work only in a half- 
hearted way, and when, 

.James II, 1633-1761 , ., ' -, o a j. • 

reioned. 1685-1688 at the close of August in 





50 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

1664 four English men-of-war anchored outside 
the Narrows, the people were half anxious for a 
change of rule. In vain Peter fumed and 
stormed and tried to evade them; the people 
would know the terms offered by the English, 
and when they found that Dutch settlers were 
promised the same rights as the English, men, 
women, and children besought him to submit. 

L ' I would rather be carried out dead, ' ' said 
the stern old governor ; but he could not hold out 
alone, and at last the headstrong old man who 
had ' a heart as big as an ox, and a head that 
would have set adamant to scorn ' consented to 
capitulate. 

On the morning of September eighth the old 
patriot stumped down Bear Lane from the fort 
to the place of embarkation for Holland at the 
head of his soldiers, and an hour later the Eng- 
lish flag was raised on the fort and the city proc- 
laimed tk New York " in honor of the proprietor. 
Peter went to Holland to report to the West In- 
dia Company, but later returned and settled on 
his ''bouwerie' 1 or farm near the eastern coast 
of the island, and lived in tranquillity until his 
death in 1682. He was buried under the old 
church of St. Mark, and in the northern wall of 
that structure may now be seen a freestone slab * 

*A picture of this is found in Hendrick's Brief History of the Empire 
State, p. 25. 



PETER THE HEADSTRONG 51 

on which is engraved a memorial inscription. 
' ' With all his faults Peter Stuy vesant was a 
grand man of the time in which he lived. 11 



The Burning of Schenectady 



On one cold winter day in February, 1670, the 
snow lay like a cold white blanket over the field, 
or piled in hugh drifts in sheltered spots, about 
the frontier post of Schenectady. Schenectady 
was, at that time, a village of about eighty 
houses, enclosed in a palisade of logs for protec- 
tion from the Indians, hostile since the opening 
of the war between the French and English the 
year before, known as King William's war. 

There were two gates to the town, and about 
one of these a number of boys and girls were 
playing in the snow. " Howard, why don't 'oo 
make a bid snow man for 'ittle May ? " lisped a 
three year old child, whom her brother was 
drawing on a home-made sled. 

' ' Come, boys, let's make a snow man, ' ' shouted 
the boy, pleased with the idea. 

"All right, we'll make some soldiers, " was the 
eager reply. "Let's make one on each side of 
the gate." 

" Hal, you and the little fellows and the girls 
roll big balls, and we will make the men. Get 
some shovels, boys." 

(52) 



THE BURNING OF SCHENECTADY 53 

All was activity and bustle. The snow was 
rolled into large balls, these were set upon one 
another, and soon two immense snow images 
were finished, just as the shades of night began 
to close in about the little village. 

A group of men stood about, watching the 
children at their work, and the captain of the 
little company of Connecticut soldiers stationed 
there sauntered toward the group. 

' ' I think sentinels had better be posted to- 
night, don't you, Mr. Carver?" he asked of a 
man who was evidently one of the more influ- 
ential members of the group. 

' ' Pooh ! hoo ! No, not I, ' ' was the scornful 
response. " Why should we post sentinels and 
deprive tired men of a good night's rest, when 
there is not a live enemy this side of Canada ? ' ' 

" But we don't know that," persisted the cap- 
tain; ik the woods may be full of sly red devils 
waiting for night to fall upon us. " 

''Nonsense, captain," interposed another, 
' ' you military men are always imagining some 
enemy or another is about. There isn't an In- 
dian going to cross those miles of woods between 
here and the Saint Lawrence, in this weather, 
let alone a Frenchman. ' ' 

" The garrison at Pemaquid would have faired 
better if they had ' imagined some enemy was 
about ' last August, ' ' continued the soldier. 



54 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

k * But that was in summer when the travel- 
ling' s good. Here, boys, if our brave captain 
will have sentinels, here are some that can do all 
the work that's needed, and won't object to stay- 
ing out in the cold ; ' ' and two or three of the 
younger men seized sticks and placed them like 
guns, in the hands of the snow images. 

' ' Come, Howard and May, we will go home to 
supper, ' ' and Mr. Carver took his children by the 
hand and led them through the settlement toward 
the opposite gate of the stockade, near which his 
home was situated. 

Silently the shadows deepened, and the stars 
came out one by one. The crescent moon sank 
early to rest, and left the night dark and cold. 
In the forest above the town, two hundred forms 
glided as silently as the very shadows themselves 
among the trees. Had the moon not hidden her 
face so soon, some would be seen to be darker 
than others, and clad in the feathers and paint 
which the Indian dons while on the war-path. 
In advance was an Indian woman, accompanied 
by two Frenchmen, commanders of the expedi- 
tion, whom she was evidently guiding. Not a 
twig crackled under the feet of any, as swiftly 
and silently they glided on their snow shoes to- 
ward the town. 

' ' This way to the gate, ' ' whispered the woman, 
as they neared it. 



THE BURNING OF SCHENECTADY 55 

' ' Not so fast ; we will approach carefully, ' ' re- 
plied the Frenchman, fearing as ambush. 

" You need not fear. The careless pale face 
never guards the gates, " and the approach was 
hastened. The gate was reached, passed, and 
the company of bloodthirsty Indians and their 
scarcely less bloodthirsty French companions, 
was in the town. 

" William, awaken, " called Mrs. Carver in an 
agony of fear, as a cry smote her ears. 

"What is it, wife?" he asked, but did not 
stop for an answer, for another cry, loud, shrill 
and triumphant, sounded upon the quivering air, 
the dreaded Indian war-whoop. 

" There is no time to waste, follow me; " and 
the father snatched up his little daughter as his 
wife hurried the son along, without waiting for 
clothing, into the cold night. 

kt Mother, it is cold, I don't want to — ," began 
the boy. 

" Hush, not a sound, the Indians, 1 ' and they 
made a rush for the gateway near, their only 
hope of escape. 

The war-whoops were now mingled with the 
crack of rifles and the shrieks of the dying, and 
the landscape was lighted faintly by the flames 
of some dwellings which had been fired, each 
moment growing brighter. Could they cross the 
open space between the stockade and the woods 



56 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

beyond without being discovered by some hostile 
eye, and killed by the sure bullet of some savage 
warrior ? Others were running in the same 
direction, all with no other clothing than their 
night clothes. Never did the distance to the 
first tree seemed so long! Now they must be 
discovered by the light of that bright flame ! But 
no, no rifle pours its flame of death in their 
direction. 

At last the forest is reached, but they must not 
pause ; already the light and the whoops of the 
enemy tell them that no part of the town is free 
from the fierce savages. On, on, through the 
woods they go. Only a few, and most of them 
with frozen feet and hands, reached the safety 
of the fort at Albany, while the invaders, laden 
with plunder and scalps, and taking twenty- 
seven captives with them, retreat toward Canada, 

Near the stockade two snow images partially 
melted by the heat of the burning building and 
blackened with cinders, kept their vain vigil over 
the smoking ruins of the town and its former 
inhabitants, stretched cold and lifeless on the 
reddened snow. 



Jacob Leisler 





The Duke of York, who had become King of 
England at the death of 
his brother, Charles II, in 
the spring of 1688 united 
the province of New York 
with New England, mak- 
ing Sir Edmund Andros 
governor. Although An- 
dros was received by the 
loyal aristocracy of New 

Sir Edmund Andros. 1637-1713 York with great rejoicing, 

he soon made himself cordially hated throughout 
the colonies by his haughty and despotic conduct. 
About this time the news reached New York 
of the birth of a young prince. Most of the 
Dutch settlers, as well as the Protestants of Eng- 
land, had hoped for the accession of Mary, wife 
of William of Orange, and daughter of James 
Second. This hope was now killed. James's 
folly and recklessness, especially in attempting 
to restore the Eoman Catholic faith in England, 
led to an invitation to William to come and 
" deliver the land from Popery and slavery ". 

(57) 



58 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

James's son was excluded from the succession 
on the ground that he was not truly the son of 
the queen, and James himself, forsaken by all, 
fled to France, where his wife and child had 





William III. 1650-1702 Mary II. 1662-1694 

Reigned. 1689-1702 Reigned, 1689-1694 

already been sent. William and Mary were 
declared joint sovereigns of England. 

When this news reached New England, Andrus 
was seized, thrown into prison, and later sent to 
England, charged with the mal-administration 
of the affairs of the colony. The people of New 
York were on the verge of an insurrection when 
the news of the accession of the new sovereigns 
was revealed to them. Two parties were found 
in the city, one composed of the adherents of 
James, while the other, constituting a large ma- 
jority of the friends of the new sovereign, who 
contended that, as the revolution had overthrown 
the established government, all power reverted 
to the people. 



JACOB LEISLER 59 

Prominent among those who advocated this 
latter view was Jacob Leisler, a German mer- 
chant and captain of militia. Leisler was a zeal- 
ous Protestant, a kind man, and one possessed 
of an unusual amount of energy and determin- 
ation. 

As rumors of terrible things contemplated by 
the partisans of James spread through the town, 
the militia gathered and requested Captain Leisler 
to take charge of affairs. Colonel Bayard, who 
was an aristocrat, attempted to interfere, and 
was obliged to flee for his life. Nicholson, the 
old lieutenant-governor, departed to England, 
thus giving the people's party, or Leislerians, a 
decided advantage. Bayard continued to stir up 
opposition to Leisler, was captured, arrested, and 
imprisoned on a charge of " high misdemeanor 
against His Majesty's authority ". The opposi- 
tion of the aristocrats, who were angered still 
more by this act, became more bitter. 

In the meantime Colonel Sloughter had been 
appointed governor, but did not arrive until the 
spring of 1691. Before his arrival Kichard In- 
goldsby, a captain of foot, arrived with a com- 
pany of regulars. As he was the highest officer 
in the colony, the aristocrats urged him to assume 
supreme authority. He demanded the surrender 
of the fort without showing his credentials. 
Leisler refused. Ingoldsby was defeated in an 



HO STORIES OF NEW YORK 

attempt to take the forts by force, and compelled 
to await the arrival of Sloughter. 

When the governor did arrive, Leisler at once 
gave up to him his authority over the forts, and 
the province. Sloughter, although a just man, 
was over-persuaded by Bayard and others to 
order the arrest of Leisler, Jacob Milborne, his 
son-in law, and six others. They were tried on 
a charge of high treason by a court composed 
entirely of Bayard's friends. Leisler refused to 
plead, but appealed to the king. His appeal was 
never sent. Sloughter was constantly besought 
to sign a warrant for the execution of Leisler 
and Milborne, but refused, postponing it until he 
could hear from the king. The people in large 
numbers petitioned for the pardon of the prison- 
ers. This alarmed Bayard, who saw that, if he 
was to secure the death of his enemy, it must 
be done quickly. Knowing he could not do this 
by fair means, he resorted to treachery. Slough- 
ter was invited to a dinner party on Staten Island, 
and so plentifully supplied with wine that he 
became stupidly drunk. While in this condition 
a death warrant was shown him, and he was 
induced to sign it. It was sent to the sheriff at 
New York that same evening, and the execution 
of the two prisoners ordered the next morning. 
The governor was, in the meantime, kept drunk. 



JACOB LEISLER 



61 




The wives of Leisler and Milbourn were sent 
for, and parting words 
were hurriedly spoken. 
In the drenching rain the 
two patriots were led to 
the scaffold. Only a few 
citizens, some of them 
women, were present. 
Seeing among the specta- 
tors Robert Livingston, 
one of his most bitter 
enemies, Milbome said : ' ' Robert Livingston, I 
will implead thee at the bar of Heaven for this 
deed. ,? Leisler uttered a prayer for blessing 
upon the province and his family, and, speaking 
of his enemies, said : ' ' Father, forgive them ; 
they know not what they do.' 1 The heavens 
grew darker and darker, women screamed, and 
amid the torrents of rain, the souls of the two 
martvrs ascended to their Maker. 



Robert Livingston 



Grandfather's Story of Fort Edward 



" Yes, children, it was many years ago, in the 
summer of 1755," began grandfather to the 
children clustering about him and demanding a 
story, ' ' that I went with General Johnson and 
Colonel Lyman to attack Crown Point. I was 
a young man in those days, and very eager to 
prove my bravery and patrioim. 

"General William Johnson had come to the 
Mohawk valley to take 
charge of the estate of his 
, / _ uncle, Sir Peter Warren, 

and had succeeded, by 
kindness and justice, in 
winning the confidence of 
the Iroquois. He was 
given command of an ex- 
pedition intended to cap- 

Gen. William Johnson. 1715-1774 ture Fort CrOWn Point 

and rid Lake Champlain of the French. 

' ' Colonel Phineas Lyman, of Connecticut, 
was second in command, as brave and capable 
an officer as ever led a regiment. He started 
from Albany one bright summer morning, with 

(62) 



w 




GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD <58 





r^kT\ EoK 



the main body, consisting of a 
few hundred colonial troops and 
King Hendrick's Mohawk braves, 
with drums beating and colors 
flying. My brother Joe was one 
of the drum corps, and I had 
promised mother I would keep 
an eye on him. Poor mother! 
how she hated to have Joe go ! 
He was her youngest. But he 
was a brave lad, and anxious to 
pay off the French for the atro- 
cities they had committed. 

" We kept on through the 
woods for fifty miles, until we 
reached the 'great carrying 
place ' * between the Hudson and 
Lake St. Sacrament. Here we 
stopped and waited for Johnson 
to come up with the artillery and 
stores. While we were waiting, 
Lyman occupied the time in con- 
structing a fortification of earth 
which was named Fort Lyman. 
I was used to work in the forest 
in those days, and much pre- 
ferred felling trees to tramping 
along the hilly country roads, 

*This map is from Hendrick's History, p. 71. 



64 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

carrying arms and ammunition, but, like the 
rest, became impatient at the delay of the com- 
mander. 

" At last Johnson came and took command. 
The news of Braddock's defeat took all the spirit 
out of him, and he would have given up the 
whole expedition if Lyman had not persistently 
urged him to go forward. At last he consented 
to do so. He changed the name of the fort we 
had built to Fort Edward, calling it after the 
young prince. The troops did not like this, as 
they had insisted upon calling it Fort Lyman. 

k ' Johnson decided to proceed to Crown Point 
by way of Lake Saint Sacrament, which he now 
called Lake George, in honor of the king. We 
arrived at the head of the lake, one warm, sultry 
night, and encamped by the lake shore. We 
were tired from an unusually long and hard 
march that day, and when an officer asked 
Johnson if he intended to fortify the camp he 
said ' No, the country is safe, no enemies are 
about and the men are too tired. ' The next day 
we expected the order to fortify, as it was decided 
to remain there for a short time, but none came, 
and we remained there day after day in the open 
camp. 

' ' One day some scouts brought the news that 
the forest to the north was swarming with the 
French and their Indian allies. Johnson sum- 




GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD 65 

moned a council in his tent, and, as I was familiar 
with the country about Lake Champlain, I was 

called in. Johnson was 
anxious to send out a 
small force to relieve the 
garrison left at Fort Ed- 
I ward under Lyman. The 
H| opinion of King Hendrick 
was asked as to the advisi- 
pP bility of such a course. 
' If they are to fight, they 

King Hendrick. 1690-1755 are tOO f eW ; if they are 

to be killed, they are too many, ' replied the saga- 
cious old savage. Johnson deferred to his judg- 
ment and sent a force of twelve hundred under 
Colonel Williams, two hundred of whom were 
Hendrick 's braves. 

' ' Joe and I were both to go. We started 
back the next morning, marching as rapidly as 
we well could, for we were afraid Fort Edward 
might be surprised before our arrival. Contrary 
to our expectations, our foes had changed their 
destination and were marching toward the camp. 

" It was about ten o'clock when all at once, 
as we were marching along in the front ranks, 
Joe, who had eyes as keen as a lynx, saw some- 
thing suspicious among the trees by the roadside 
ahead, called out, ' A red-skin, as I live ! ' and 
began to beat a loud alarm on his drum. In a 



66 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

second the woods to the front and the left were 
alive with the enemy, and a volley of bullets 
gave us a warm reception. We had fallen into 
an ambuscade. 

' ' No troops could stand the hot and sudden 
fire, and all fled in haste toward the camp. I 
was only a short distance from Joe, and sprang 
toward him. He was hit in the shoulder. 'It's 
only a flesh wound, ' he said, in reply to my 
anxious query, as we started to follow our flee- 
ing column. 

' ' Many of the troops were old Indian fighters, 
and as soon as they recovered a little from the sur- 
prise they, loaded as they ran, turned occasionally 
and fired at the pursuing enemy, taking advan- 
tage of every tree and elevation of ground which 
could afford shelter. The flight soon became 
somewhat less of a panic-stricken rout. 

' ' On we went for miles, Joe losing blood and 
becoming weaker. At last, just as we came 
within sight of the camp, Joe staggered, fell, 
and said faintly, ' Go on, George, I can't go any 
further. I'm done for. ' 

" ' Go and leave you ? Not much, ' I replied ; 
and picking him up in my arms, for he was a 
slight, slender lad, I staggered on with him. 

' ' The troops at camp had heard of our defeat, 
and had hastily thrown up a breastwork of trees 
and planted upon it the two small cannons which 



GRANDFATHER'S STORY OF FORT EDWARD 67 

had been sent the day before from Fort Edward. 
When we reached the breast-work, I could not 
take another step with my load, and was about 
to fall when some of the boys grabbed Joe and 
me and drew us to a place of safety, if any part 
of the camp was safe. 

1 ' We were scarcely within the camp when the 
motley crowd of French, Canadians, and Indians 
came down upon us. The Indians were terrified 
at the discharges from the cannon and fled to 
the woods. Colonel Lyman came up just at that 
moment with part of the garrison of Fort Ed- 
ward, and at his appearance the Canadian militia 
also fled, but the French regulars, under Baron 
Dieskau, stood firm; Johnson had received a 
wound in the leg at the beginning of the action, 
so Lyman took command. After continuing the 
fight for about four hours, the regulars at last 
took to flight, their commander being fatally 
wounded. The victory had been won, and the 
army saved by General Lyman. 

' ' Lyman, and in fact all the other officers, 
were anxious to push on and capture Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point, while the French were panic- 
stricken by their defeat and not in a condition to 
repel an attack ; but Johnson soon learned that 
the fortifications were being strengthened, and 
refused. He abandoned the entire enterprise, 
and set about building Fort William Henry, at 



68 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

the head of the lake. This being completed he 
returned to Albany, leaving a garrison there and 
at Fort Edward." 

"Did you go back with him, and did uncle 
Joe soon get well ? ' ' queried the children. 

" Joe's wound healed, but it was more serious 
than we at first thought, and he was not able to 
return to the army. I went back to Albany with 
him, and soon enlisted in another campaign. 

' ' General Johnson, soon after his return to 
Albany, sent to England a report of the cam- 
paign, in which a mean spirit of jealousy so far 
got the advantage of him that he did not even 
mention Colonel Lyman. The British govern- 
ment conferred knighthood upon him, gave him 
great estates in New York, and a fortune of 
twenty-five thousand dollars. ' ' 

' ' Did Colonel Lyman ever get any reward for 
his bravery ? ' ' questioned one. 

* ' Yes, years later, for this and for other ser- 
vices, he was given a grant of land in West 
Florida, and there he died soon after he had re- 
ceived it. History, too, does justice to him, and 
pays to the pure, loyal soldier a much more glow- 
ing tribute than to the jealous, immoral, mean- 
spirited Johnson/' 



The Stamp Act 



Some years ago, while looking over a box of 
papers in the garret of my grandfather's house 
at Poughkeepsie, I came upon a package of let- 
ters, yellow with age, tied with a faded blue rib- 
bon. Upon a bit of paper which was wrapped 
around them, was written, in a delicate femi- 
nine hand, the words : ' ' Letters from William, 
written while I was visiting Uncle Daniel in Vir- 
ginia. " All were addressed to Miss Patience 
Randolph, the maiden name, as I knew, of my 
great-grandmother Wiley. The following are 
extracts from some of them, revised somewhat 
as to spelling and wording, for greater clearness. 
All were written from New York. 

Under date of November, 1765, the writer, 
whom I concluded to be my great-grandfather 
William Wiley, says: 
" My esteemed and beloved Patience : 

1 1 It was with much sorrow and disappoint- 
ment that I learned of your prolonged stay, al- 
though I hope it may be conducive to your health 
and happiness. In these troublous times I long 
to pour into your ears the relation of the hap- 

(69) 



70 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



penings of each day, without being obliged to 
have recourse to the cold and unsatisfactory 
medium of the pen. 

" You know that a convention of delegates 
from the colonies was to assemble here on Octo- 
ber seventh, to discuss measures to be taken in 
regard to the odious Stamp Act. It met promptly, 
and was a unit in its opposition to the tyranical 
law. Nine colonies sent representatives. For 
two weeks they were in session constantly. John 





John Cruger. 1710-1792 



Robert R. Livingston. 1746-1813 



Cruger, whom you know, wrote a Declaration 
of Rights, and Eobert Livingston, a cousin of 
mine by my mother's side, a Memorial to both 
houses of parliament. Both of these papers 
were bold and outspoken in declaring and main- 
taining our rights, but respectful toward the 
king, as was a petition to the king written by 
James Otis of Massachuetts; 

" All these were adopted, and copies have been 
sent to England. In the meantime the law was 



THE STAMP ACT 71 

to go into effect before these could reach the king 
and parliament. Last Friday, the first day of 
this month, was the day appointed for the act to 
take effect. James McEvert was appointed 
stamp-distributor. 

' ' Early in the morning I went with some of 
the men and boys to the meeting-houses, where 
the bells were tolled while some put the flags at 
half-mast and fired minute-guns. As only 
stamped paper may be used for some things, very 
little business was done that day, or, indeed, has 
been done since. The courts were closed, all 
commerce was stopped by mutual agreement by 
the merchants, and no one even gets married, 
because the license must be stamped. The mer- 
chants of New York who met on Thursday last, 
decided to send out a letter to the merchants of 
other cities inviting them to join with New York 
in refusing to import stamped goods. This surely 
will effect the English manufacturers. Every- 
body here is now wearing home-spun. 

" The times are troublous and I fear the worst. 
At all events the colony will not submit to the 
tyrannical tax. We will not be taxed without 
our own consent. Mother and Ellen unite in 
sending love, and wishing for your speedy return. 
' ' Your affectionate, 

44 William." 

Under date of December first, he writes : 



72 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

1 ' My dearest Patience : 

1 4 1 did not expect to have an opportunity to 
write so soon again, but a messenger to Virginia 
is about to depart, and will deliver this for me. 
" * * * The trouble of which I spoke in 
my last letter grows day by day. We have, as 
you know, organized the ' Sons of Liberty ', of 
whom I am one. 

" When the stamps arrived in the city, McEvert 
was so alarmed by the de- 
mands for his resignation 
and the opposition shown 
by the Sons of Liberty, 
that he refused to receive 
them, although Lieuten- 
ant-Governor Colden had 
promised him protection. 
They were taken to the 
cadwallader colden. 1688-1776 fort,where Colden resides 
at present, for safety. All were angered by this, 
and large numbers gathered at the fort to demand 
that they should be surrendered. Your cousin 
Eob and I heard of the gathering and went at 
once, finding only a few there upon our arrival, 
but in a few minutes the open space in front 
was black with people. 

tk A demand that the emblems of tyranny 
should be surrendered was met by refusal, where- 
at we all shouted, notwithstanding the cannons 




THE STAMP ACT 73 

of the fort and of two British ships of war were 
directed upon us and upon the town. We formed 
a procession and started back, but the orderly 
procession soon became a howling mob. 

' ' One of the first things we did was to hang 
Golden in effigy at the^ spot where Leisler was 
hanged. Then almost all returned to the fort, 
and since they could not get inside, entered 
Colden's carriage-house and dragged out the fine 
coach he was so proud of, riding about like a king 
in it. Pushing it to the Bowling Green, they 
piled it full of wood from the railings of the 
Green, and burned it. Then they went to Major 
James's residence, destroyed his fine library, his 
elegant furniture and his garden ; and returned, 
parading the streets for some time with the 
Stamp Act printed on large sheets and raised 
upon poles with the words, ■ England's Folly and 
America's Euin'. At last Colden ordered the 
stamps to be given to Mayor Cruger and the 
common council, the latter agreeing to pay for 
any they lost or destroyed. We did not return 
to our homes until late in the night. 

' ' I think the people have possibly gone a little 
too far in destroying the property of Colden and 
of James. I did not take part in that. James, 
however, gave great provocation by saying that 
he ' would cram the stamps down their throats 
with the end of his sword, ' and that ' if they 



74 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

attempted to rise he would drive them out of 
the town, for a pack of rascals, with four and 
twenty men. ' 

' ' At all events, we have gained our end, which 
was to prevent the use of the stamps. A vessel 
came into port a few days later, with stamps on 
board for use in Connecticut, and the boys 
boarded her, seized the stamps, took them ashore, 
carried them down to the liberty pole and burned 
them. The feelings of all grow more and more 
bitter as time passes. I fear the result. 

All unite with me in sending love. Hoping 
this humble epistle will find you in the enjoy- 
ment of entirely restored health, I remain 
' ' Ever your faithful 

" William." 



Capture of Ticonderoga 



The breaking out of the revolution found New 
York peculiarly exposed to attack from the north. 
By the influence of the Johnson family, the de- 
scendants of Sir William, the Iroquois had 
espoused the cause of the English, and were a 
restless and warlike foe, ever ready to fall upon 
scattered settlements or small parties. awaj r from 
the protection of the forts. Lakes Champlain 
and George, forming, with the Hudson river, a 
natural highway between Canada and New 
York*, and cutting off New England from the 
other colonies, were almost entirely in the hands 
of the English. The most important posts held 
by them were Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
Of these the former was better supplied with 
arms and military stores. At that time it was in 
a comparatively defenceless condition, and meas- 
ures for its captures were at once taken. 

Ethan Allen, who had raised a body of men 
called the ' ' Green mountain boys ' ' was selected 
as leader, and the volunteers raised especially for 
this expedition were put under command, in 

* See map on page 6?. 

(75) 



76 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

addition to his own company. A man named 
Phelps disguised himself and entered Fort 
Ticonderoga as a farmer who wished to be shaved. 
While playing the part of an ignorant rustic, 
hunting for the barber, he obtained as much in- 
formation as possible. 

In order that the garrison of the fort might 
not obtain any knowledge of the proposed ex- 
pedition, men were placed on every road leading 
to the fort to intercept all who passed. At Cas- 
tleton a final rendezvous was appointed and here 
the final plans were laid. Allen, with one hun- 
dred forty men, was to reach Ticonderoga by 
crossing the lake from Shoreham, on the east 
side, while a force of thirty men was to capture 
Skenesborough (now Whitehall) farther up the 
lake, and drop down to join Allen and assist in 
transporting his troops. 

On the eighth of May, 1775, Allen set out for 
Shoreham, when Benedict Arnold, a brave and 
daring young officer, appeared and demanded 
the chief command, showing a commission from 
the Committee of Safety of Massachusetts. Allen 
objected, 'but Arnold accompanied the expedition. 

At sometime before night-fall, on the ninth, 
the detachment reached Hand's Cove, on the 
east side of the lake and prepared to cross. There 
was a scarcity of boats, and, when the first light 
of morning began slowly to streak the darkness 



CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 77 

of night with gray, and the slopes of the moun- 
tains caught the first rays of the coming dawn, 
only eighty-three men had yet crossed. Allen 
was impatient, fearing least by waiting for the 
remainder of the men, the golden opportunity 
of surprise might be lost. A few thrilling words 
told his men of the danger of the attack, and 
called for volunteers. Not a man hesitated. All 
were ready. 

Arnold stepped forward again and claimed the 
command. Allen, sure of the support of his 
soldiers, refused to give up the leadership of the 
expedition. Harsh words followed and it seemed, 
at one time, as if the whole expedition would 
be given up. At last a friend of Allen arranged 
a compromise by which Allen and Arnold should 
march side by side at the head of the troops. 

The column of attack was formed, and silently 
but swiftly they marched up the hill. They were 
almost upon the dozing sentinel at the wicket 
gate of the fort when he saw them and snapped 
his fuse at them, but it missed fire, and he ran 
into the fort, closely pursued by the rival leaders, 
with the whole command at their heels. 

Once inside, the men were drawn up on the 
parade ground, and the sleeping garrison was 
awakened by a shout. The quarters of the com- 
mander of the fort, Captain De la Place, were 
pointed out to Allen, and he aroused the man by 



78 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

a thundering rap at the door. Alarmed by the 
unusual noise, De la Place shouted : ' ' What do 
you want ? ' ' 

' ' Come out here and surrender your garrison, ' ' 
was the answer. 

But half dressed the captain appeared, "By 
what authority ? " he demanded. 

' ' In the name of the great Jehovah and the 
continental congress, ' ' replied Allen. 

De la Place was about to dispute further but 
a drawn sword prevented argument, and the 
garrison was ordered to parade without arms. 
With Ticonderoga one hundred twenty cannon 
and large supplies of other military stores fell 
into the hands of the Americans, who were 
sorely in need of them. 



Washington's Retreat from Long Island 



The month of August, 1776, was a trying one 
for all interested in the cause of American free- 
dom. Washington's army, numbering about 
seventeen thousand unpaid, poorly fed troops, 
was confronted at New York by about thirty 
thousand British and Hessian veterans under 
Admiral and General William Howe and Sir 
Henry Clinton. 





Karl Richard Howe, 1729-1814 



Sir William Howe, 1729-1814 



General Green, who had been assigned the com- 
mand of the American troops on Long Island, 
had been forced by a severe attack of fever to 
resign his command just when most needed. 
General Sullivan, and later General Putnam, 
was placed in command. 

(79) 



80 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 





Sir Henry Clinton. 1 



Israel Putnam. 1718-1790 



On the twenty-sixth of August a force of Brit- 
ish, consisting of between twelve and fifteen 
thousand troops, was landed on Long Island. 
Early on the morning of the twenty-seventh, 

the attack began by the 
driving in of some of the 
American guards by the 
British force. General 
Stirling was ordered to 
check the enemy's ad- 
vance and hold the posi- 
tion if possible. He held 
it bravely until a larger 
British force had gained a 
pass which was insufficiently guarded on account 
of lack of troops, captured a body of troops un- 
der General Sullivan after a brave resistance, and 
had almost reached his rear. Then he fell back 
toward the main body, and finding the bridge 




William Alexander 
Lord Stirling 



CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 81 

across Gowanas creek in his rear was burned by 
the British, was obliged to ford the marsh at the 
mouth of the stream, in the rising tide. With 
half his troops he remained to meet the enemy, 
charging again and again upon their ranks until 
the first division had been protected in crossing, 
then fell back, but was captured. Washington 
had crossed over to Brooklyn, but could send no 
relief to the captured troops, as the enemy 
threatened the main body. 

An almost constant rain during the twenty- 
eighth and twenty- ninth 
prevented any movement 
by either army. Late in 
the afternoon of the 
twenty-ninth a council of 
war decided to abandon 
Long Island and retreat to 
New York city. Washing- 
ton had anticipated the 

George Washington, 1732-1799 necessity for this move- 
ment, and had obtained all the boats of every 
kind to be found on Manhattan Island. By eight 
o'clock they were collected at Brooklyn ferry. 
The troops had been informed earlier in the 
afternoon that re-inforcements were expected 
from New Jersey, and so did not expect the 
movement. The sick had been sent to New 
York earlier on the plea that their quarters were 




82 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 




Alexander McDougall, 
1731-1786 



needed for the troops. The night was dark, and 

a violent storm of wind 
and rain set in, making 
the passage difficult and 
dangerous. McDougall, 
who had been given 
charge of transportation, 
decided that it would be 
impossible to transport the 
army in the teeth of the 
storm, and set out to in- 
form General Washington of the fact. He failed 
to find Washington, so continued the work as 
best he could. Slowly battling their way with 
the waves that threateued their immediate de- 
struction, the boats carrying the first detach- 
ment succeeded in making their way across the 
bay to New York. On account of the gale, the 
sail boats were useless, and only the row boats 
could be used. They returned for another de- 
tachment. 

About eleven o'clock the gale died away and 
the sky cleared somewhat, threatening to make 
the night clear enough to expose the movement 
to the British. Soon a fresh southwest breeze 
sprang up, rendering the sail-boats of use and 
the passage easy and expeditious. 

All night long the boats passed and repassed 
with their precious freight. An unusual noise, 



CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA 83 

the accidental report of a gun, the gleam of a 
lantern, might have exposed the whole move- 
ment to the enemy and destroyed the army, 
America's hope. But all night long the British 
slumbered on, undisturbed by the thought that 
the army which they hoped to capture on the 
morrow was fast slipping from their grasp. 
Once a blunder was made which might have 
been fatal. General Mif- 
flin had been stationed 
with six regiments t o 
cover the retreat and oc- 
cupy the works to the 
last. By mistake one of 
Washington's aids 
brought the orders about 
two o'clock in the morn- 

Thomas Mirrux, 1744-1800 ing? tQ mQve at once to 

the ferry. The retreat was begun, and the troops 
were all on their way, when Washington came 
upon them in the darkness. ' ' A dreadful mis- 
take ! " he exclaimed, and the men marched back 
to their posts. The British, fortunately, were 
still unsuspicious, and, in the words of the his- 
torian Gordon, ' ' Providence further interposed 
in favor of the retreating army, by sending a 
thick fog about two o'clock in the morning 
which hung over Long Island, while on the New 
York side it was clear. ' ' 




8i STORIES OF NEW YORK 

About sunrise the remainder of the troops, and, 
last of all, the commander-in-chief, followed, 
reaching the New York side in safety. Thus did 
the God of liberty protect those who were to aid 
in preserving a free and independent nation, on 
the soil made sacred by the sufTeiings of those 
who had fled from the persecutions of the old 
world to the freedom of the new. 



Burgoyne's Surrender 



Late in October of the year 1777, a small 
group were gathered about the fireplace of a 
comfortable log cabin near Albany. A cold 
wind made the fire in the fireplace cheery and 
inviting. The company about the fire consisted 
of several children; two women, one evidently 
the mother of the other; and an old man reclin- 
ing on an old wooden settle, drawn up before the 
bright blaze. The bandaged limb proclaimed 
that the man had been wounded. 

In compliance with repeated requests from 
the children, at last the 
old man said : ' ' Yes, chil- 
dren, I'll tell ye all about 
the battles and how I 
came to get these ugly 
bullet wounds. You see 
when your father and I 
started out the first of 
August in response to 
j, 1736-1802 General Schuyler's urgent 
call for troops, we set out for Fort Edward. We 
found the camp in a very confused condition. 

(87) 




88 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



Morgan's splendid riflemen, which, with two 
other brigades and some stores, Washington 
had sent from his own army, though he could ill 
spare them, Arnold and Lincoln of Massachu- 
setts, and volunteers from New York and New 
England had arrived, making a strange mass of 
troops. 

" Burgoyne with his fine large army, abundant 
stores, and Indian allies, 
had had a sort of trium- 
phant procession down 
Lake Cham plain, had 
captured Fort Ticondero- 
ga, which Schuyler and 
all the Americans had 
thought inpregnable, and 
had reached the head of 
the lake. As Schuyler 
retreated he felled trees, burned bridges, tore up 
the roads, drove off the cattle, and did every- 
thing in his power to retard the inarch of the 
enemy. 

' ' When we reached the army it was at Van 
Schaick's, where the Mohawk flows into the 
Hudson-. The army was pretty well discour- 
aged but some news from two different sources 
cheered us up somewhat. Burgoyne had sent a 
force of eighteen thousand British regulars, 




John Burgoyne. 1T25-179S 



* Now the city of Cohoes. 



burgoyne's surrender 89 

Tories, Canadians, and Indians commanded by 




Barry St. Leger, 1732-1789 




Sir John Johnson, 1742-1830 



Colonel St. Leger and Sir John Johnson, son of 
William Johnson, np the St. Lawrence to Os- 
wego, thence down the Mohawk with orders to 
capture Fort Schuyler. This expedition, we 
learned, had failed, although it seemed at one 
time as if the ambush of a force of Americans 
under General Herkimer, which had been sent 
to relieve the fort, meant the total defeat of all 
efforts to hold the valley and prevent St. Leger's 





Nicholas Herkimer, 1715-1777 



John Stark. 1728-1822 



90 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

joining Burgoyne. A force sent out by General 
Schuyler was successful in driving St. Leger 
back to Canada, and we felt no fear from that 
quarter. 

"Then came the cheering news that General 
Stark had captured Colonel Baume and one 
thousand troops which had been sent out to 
capture our stores at Bennington in the Hamp- 
shire Grant. We began to cheer up and recruits 
came in more rapidly. 

''Just at this General Gates was given the 
supreme command by congress, and our brave 
General Schuyler was deprived of the fruits of 
what he had accomplished with so much diffi- 
culty. Although he felt hurt about it, he was 
generous and patriotic and gave his plans for 
the campaign freely to Gates. 





Philip Schuyler, 1733-1804 Horatio Gates, ¥i 

" On the twelfth of September we moved 
camp and took up a position at Bemis Heights. 




burgoyne's surrender 91 

Arnold and Kosciusko selected the site, and 
Kosciusko strengthened it by a line of redoubts 

and breastworks. We 
were directly in the line of 
Burgoyne's march to Al- 
bany. On the eighteenth 
there was some skirmish- 
ing. The next morning 
the fight began in earnest. 
Arnold's brigade was first 
to see heavy fighting, but 

Thaddeus Kosciusko. 1746-1817 ft goon b ecame general. 

The uneven ground and woods in front made it 
possible for each army to approach within easy 
range. We had no artillery, but the enemy had 
four cannons. These were, for some time, the 
centre of attack. Again and again we captured 
these guns, but were forced back. I myself saw 
Tom Haines of Concord sit astride the muzzle 
of one of those cannons and kill two regulars 
with his bayonet before a bullet struck him 
down. At sunset both armies ceased firing, 
and we withdrew to our fortified line. Thus the 
day ended in a drawn battle, but Burgoyne's 
advance had been checked. 

' ' Nearly three weeks passed before either 
party did anything. We were receiving recruits, 
while the English were becoming weaker day by 
day. Burgoyne was waiting for help from 



92 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

Clinton, who, you know, came up as far as 
Esopus, burned it, then returned to New York. 

"Finally Burgoyne saw that, as his stores 
were giving out, he must do something and that 
quickly. He ordered an advance and tried to 
turn our left. Morgan's riflemen prevented this, 
and the battle was joined all along the line. In 
less than an hour we had the advantage. At 
this time Arnold, who, on account of a personal 
quarrel with Gates, had been removed from his 
command, could no longer resist the temptation 
to be in the thickest of it, and dashed upon the 
field. He joined his old division, in which your 
father and I were fighting, and assumed com- 
mand, carefully avoiding the aide whom Gates 
had sent to recall him. Here, there, everywhere 
where the fight was the thickest, Arnold could 
be seen on his large black horse, and wherever he 
called, ' Come on boys ! ' we were not slow to 
follow. With a cheer all rushed after him 
wherever he led. At dusk the red-coats retreated 
to their intrenchments, but even then Arnold 
and Morgan followed them, and, breaking 
through the line, forced the Hessians who held 
it to abandon their position. 

"Just as he was charging through the sally- 
port in this last attack Arnold was wounded. I 
was close behind, and as I pressed forward to 
his assistance, a bullet from the rifle of a Hes- 



burgoyne 's surrender 93 

sian struck me and I fell. A little later I was 
carried from the field, knowing the enemy 
thoroughly beaten. 

"The next night Burgoyne retreated to Sara- 
toga. Our army followed, sur- 
rounding the British completely, 
and cutting off their line of re- 
treat. Without supplies and 
outnumbered by our army, he 
was forced to surrender on the 
seventeenth. It was a fine sight, 
I can tell you. Our army was 
drawn up that morning in a 
field, and the whole British 
Monument on Bemis a miy, nearly six thousand 

Heights. From Bar- , , n n ., . 

keen's Geography of the strong, marched out from their 
Empire state, p. 103. camp and stacked arms. Bur- 
goyne presented his sword to Gates, saying that 
the fortunes of war had made him Gates's pris- 
oner. We gained some military stores, but, 
more than that, have prevented the junction of 
Burgoyne and Clinton, and the cutting off of 
New England from the other colonies. ' ' 

' ' But, Grandpa, what is to become of the Eng- 
lish troops ? ' ' asked a little fellow seated on the 
floor, nestling his head against his mother's knee. 

" They are to be sent back to England on con- 
dition that they will not serve again during the 
war, I think." 




94 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

' ' It is time all you children were in bed now ' ' 
said the mother. ' ' If you are up too late, you 
will not be ready to get up early in the morning 
for the milking." 



The Gapture of Stony Point 



During the early part of the summer of 1779 
the British under Clinton had ascended the Hud- 
son River and captured the forts at Stony Point 
and Verplanck's Point, opposite, completing the 
unfinished fortifications at the former place, and 
furnishing both with arms and garrisons. Wash- 
ington believed Clinton's ultimate object was the 
seizure of the forts in the Highlands, and the 
ferries affording communication between New 
England and the southern colonies. It was de- 
sirable that these points should be re-captured, 
both because of their own importance, and be- 
cause in this way Clinton, who had just returned 
to New York with the purpose of invading New 
England, could be kept from sending his troops 
so far away with an active enemy in his rear. 

It was a daring undertaking, and Washington 
selected for it a man renowned for his dashing 
bravery, General Wayne, often called "Mad 
Anthony ' ' . 

On July 15, the troops which were put under 
the command of Wayne for the expedition 
started from Sandy Beach, fourteen miles away, 

(95) 



96 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

and at eight o'clock in the evening reached the 
rendezvous, foot-sore and weary. 

The fortress of Stony Point was a headland 
projecting into the river and cufc off from the 
mainland by a morass. A causeway was the 
only means of crossing this. The approach on 
the land side was further protected by two rows 
of abatis. 

Wayne was fortunate in being able to obtain 
a guide who was provided 
with the countersign, a 
negro slave belonging to 
Colonel Lamb, who was 
an ardent whig residing 
in the neighborhood. 
Pompey was accustomed 
to go to the fort with 
cherries and berries for 
vnthony wayne. ir45-iT96 sale, and since the begin- 
ning of the season for hoeing corn, had not been 
allowed to go during the day, and therefore had to 
make his trips at night, and Avas supplied with 
the countersign. 

The Americans started about eleven o'clock 
with Pompey and two strong men disguised as 
farmers in advance. So dark was the moonless 
night that the troops were obliged to put pieces 
of white paper on their hats in order to distin- 
guish one another. When he reached the first 




THE CAPTURE OF STONY POINT 97 

sentinel to the west of the causeway, Pompey 
stopped and entered into a conversation with 
him, and while his attention was thus engaged 
the negro's two companions seized and gagged 
him. The sentinel at the causeway was secured 
in the same way, and as soon as the tide had 
ebbed sufficiently, the troops crossed over to the 
foot of the western declivity of the promontory, 
unobserved by the British. The little band was 
then formed into two columns, one of one hun- 
dred and other of one hundred fifty volunteers, 
and with fixed bayonets pressed forward, pre- 
ceded by an advance guard of twenty men to 
remove the abatis and other obstructions. They 
were ordered to use only bayonets in the attack, 
and any officer seeing a man aim his musket was 
to cut him down. 

One column advanced toward the fort from 
the north and the other from the south. Silently 
they approached until they were at the foot of 
the hill, within pistol shot of the pickets upon 
the heights, when they were discovered and a 
skirmish ensued. The garrison was aroused and 
the cry, "To arms! to arms!" the rattle of 
musketry, and the roar of cannon sounded forth 
upon the night air. 

During the time which elapsed while the 
Americans were climbing the hill, some of the 
British shouted, " Come on, ye rebels!" " Don't 



98 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

be in such a hurry, my lads, we'll be with you 
presently, ' ' was the reply from the column ad- 
vancing in the face of a murderous fire from 
above. 

Lieutenant -Colonel Fleury first scaled the 
ramparts and tore down the British flag. His 
column closely followed him. Wayne, struck 
down from a wound from a musket-ball ex- 
claimed : ' ' March on ! Carry me into the fort, 
for I will die at the head of my column." For- 
tunately the wound was not as severe as he at 
first thought, and he soon recovered. 

In less than half an hour from the firing of 
the first shot, the fort was completely in the 
hands of the Americans, with over five hundred 
prisoners, fifteen cannon, and a large quantity 
of military stores. The American loss was fif- 
teen killed and eighty- three wounded, while the 
British had sixty- three killed. 

At two o'clock in the morning of the sixteenth 
of July, Wayne sent General Washington the 
following despatch: " The fort and garrison, 
with General Johnston are ours. Our officers 
and men behaved like men determined to be 
free." In a subsequent despatch he said: " The 
humanity of our brave soldiers, who scorned to 
take the lives of a vanquished foe when calling 
for mercy, reflects the highest honor on them, 
and accounts for the few of the enemy killed on 
this occasion. ' ' 



THE CAPTURE OF STONY POINT 99 

The value of this victory on the spirits of the 
Americans and in inducing Clinton to postpone 
indefinitely a movement upon Connecticut, as 
well as the advantages derived from the military 
stores captured, can hardly be overestimated. 

LofC. 



Arnold's Treason 



Benedict Arnold had been known throughout 
the Revolution as one of the bravest officers of 
the American army, but unquestioned as was 
his bravery, there were many who had serious 
doubts as to his patriotism. While stationed in 
Philadelphia he had married Miss Shippen, a 
beautiful young tory, and had made many friends 
among the partisans of the king. He had lived 
luxuriously and beyond his means and was ac- 
cused of using the continental funds dishonestly 
to pay his own enormous debts. For this and 
other charges he was tried and sentenced to be 
publicly reprimanded by the commander-in- 
chief. Few could have done this as delicately 
as did Washington, but it left its sting behind, 
and probably strengthened a resolution which he 
had previously entertained of espousing the 
cause of the British. 

When in 1780, he applied for and obtained the 
command of West Point, the most important 
fortification on the Hudson, he had already been 
in communication with Sir Henry Clinton, com- 
mander of the British forces in New York, for 

(100) 



ARNOLD'S TREASON 101 

about eighteen months. To Clinton, Arnold had 
given much valuable information, and without 
disclosing his identity, convinced Clinton that 
he was an officer of high rank. 

When he received command of West Point he 
desired an interview with Clinton, or some one 
authorized to act for him. To this request Clin- 





Benedict Arnold. 1741-1801 John Andre, 1751-1780 

ton acceeded and sent Major John Andre to meet 
Arnold and arrange the details of the nefarious 
plot. Arnold tried for several days to get Andre 
within the American lines as John Anderson, 
merchant. Andre was prevented by the hazard 
of the undertaking, and the certainty of being 
arrested and executed as a spy if discovered. 
Just at this time Washington had gone to confer 
with his French allies at Hartford, and delay 
would be dangerous, as Washington's plans 
might change, and unforeseen obstacles arise. 
Arnold made an attempt to meet Andre at 



102 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

Dobbs Ferry, but was fired upon by the guard- 
boats and obliged to give up the undertaking. 
ADdre then pushed on to the " Vulture ", a Brit- 
ish man-of-war lying just above Sing Sing. After 
communicating his presence to Arnold, he was 
taken, on the night of September 21st. by 
Joshua Smith, a man sent by Arnold, to the west 
bank of the Hudson, and landed at the foot of a 
hill called Long Clove Mountain, about two miles 
below Haverstraw. 

There the traitor was waiting, concealed in the 
thick bushes. There in the darkness the con- 
spirators discussed their dark plans. Dawn ap- 
proached and the conference was not yet ended. 
Although Andre had been ordered by Clinton not 
to enter the American lines, assume a disguise, 
or take any papers, he reluctantly consented to 
accompanying Arnold to the house of Smith, 
four miles distant. Just after they arrived 
there, the Americans opened fire on the Vulture, 
and obliged her to drop down the river, cutting 
off Andre's escape in that direction. 

During the morning the plot was completed, 
and Andre, though against orders, took papeis 
explanatory of the military condition of West 
Point. He placed these in his stockings, ex- 
changed his uniform for citizen's clothing belong- 
ing to Smith, and, supplied with a pass signed 
by Arnold, at nightfall set out on horseback for 
the English lines, accompanied by Smith. 



ARNOLD'S TREASON 103 

After crossing King's Ferry and starting by 
the road toward White Plains, Smith left Andre 
to proceed alone. It had been . reported the 
night before that British marauding parties, 
who infested the country above New York, were 
on the Tarrytown road, and wishing to fall in 
with them, Andre took that direction. Riding 
along through the forest about half a mile above 
Tarrytown, Andre came suddenly, about noon, 
upon a party of three continental soldiers, John 
Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams. 
(See frontispiece. ) 

As he approached, Paulding rose, presented his 
firelock, and asked Andre which way he was 
going. Thinking the men must be some of the 
cowboys he sought, he replied: " Gentlemen, I 
hope you belong to our party." 

" Which party? " asked Paulding. 

' k The lower party, ' ' was the answer. 

Paulding replied that he did. 

" I am a British officer out on particular busi 
ness, " continued Andre, "and I hope you will 
not detain me a minute. ' ' 

Upon hearing this assertion, Paulding ordered 
him to dismount. Andre saw he had made a 
mistake. "My God!" he exclaimed, "I must 
do anything to get along," and showed his pass 
from Arnold, adding as he did so: "By your 
stopping me, you will detain the general's 
business." 



104 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

' ' I hope, ' ' replied Paulding, ' ' you will not be 
offended; we do not mean to take anything 
from you. There are many bad people going 
along the road. Perhaps you may be one of 
them. Have you any letters with you ? " 

Andre answered "No". He was taken into 
the bushes and searched for papers. Three 
packets were discovered in each stocking, some 
of them in the handwriting of Arnold. 

' ' This is a spy, ' ' said Paulding. 

Andre asked if they would let him go for a 
hundred guineas. 

' ' Not for ten thousand guineas, ' ' cried the 
the patriot. 

They delivered him to Lieutenant- Colonel 
Jameson, who commanded the post at North 
Castle, going away without demanding any re- 
ward or leaving their names. 

Andre was confined in Old Salem, yet, strangely, 
given permission to communicate with Arnold 
by letter. Arnold received his letter while at 
breakfast with some of the aides of General 
Washington, who was on his way back from 
Hartford and was engaged in examining the 
river fortifications. Retaining his self-posses- 
sion, he excused himself, saying he must attend 
at once to some urgent business across the river, 
went to his wife's room, told her he was dis- 
covered and must flee for his life, and, leaving 



ARNOLD'S TREASON 



105 



her in a faint, kissed his infant son, jumped on 
his horse, and rode to the river. There he got 
into his barge and was rowed down the river to 
the Vulture. Washington arrived soon after 
his escape and immediately took steps to pre- 
serve West Point. 

Andre wrote a letter to General Washington 
in which he excused himself for having been 
* ' betrayed into the vile condition of an enemy 
in disguise, ' ' and added, ' ' The request I have to 
make to your Excellency, and I am conscious I 
address myself well, is that, in any rigor policy 
may dictate, a decency of conduct toward me 
may mark that, though unfortunate, I am 
branded with nothing dishonorable, as no motive 
could be mine but the service of my king, and 
as I was involuntarily an imposter. " 

Andre was, throughout the whole affair, 
treated with a delicacy and kindness in striking 
contrast with the treatment received from the 




% u - 







Marquis de Lafayeytte, 1757-1834 Baron Steuben, 1730-1794 



106 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

British by Nathan Hale. He was conveyed to 
the headquarters at Tappan and then tried by a 
court of which Lafayette, of the French army, 
Steuben, from the staff of Frederick II of Prus- 
sia, Green, and others renowned for their up- 
rightness and justice were members. The report 
was unanimous that tw Major John Andre, adju- 
tant-general of the British army, ought to be 
considered as a spy from the enemy and suffer 
death.' ' The court showed its indulgence to 
him in every way possible, and he acknowledged 
this generosity in the strongest terms, even say- 
ing that k ' if there were any remains in bis mind 
of prejudice against the Americans, his present 
experience must obliterate them."' 

Clinton did everything possible to gain the free- 
dom of Andre, offering everything in his power 
except the exchange for Arnold which his sense 
of honor forbade, and demanding his release as 
one who had been protected by ' ' a flag of truce 
and passports granted for his return 1? . 

In his reply to Clinton, Washington enclosed 
the report of the court which had tried Andre 
and observed that u Major Andre was employed 
in the execution of measures very foreign to 
flags of truce, and such as they were never 
meant to authorize.' ' 

Andre's conduct before his execution was brave 
and calm. While awaiting the time, he em- 



ARNOLD'S TREASON 107 

ployed himself in writing letters to his friends 
and relatives, and in drawing. A pen- sketch of 
himself sitting at a table is still in existence, 
and is said to be an excellent likeness. 

He had hoped to be shot and when, as he ap- 
proached the place of execution, he observed the 
gallows upon which he was to suffer, he was 
visibly affected, but soon recovered and said that 
he was " reconciled to death, but not the mode ", 
and called upon the bystanders to witness that 
" he met his death like a brave man." 

After his death the king knighted his brother, 
pensioned his mother and sisters, and raised a 
memorial to him in Westminster Abbey. Ar- 
nold received as the reward of his treason and 
dishonor, a commission of brigadier-general in 
the British army, between six and seven thous- 
and pounds, sterling, pensions for his wife and 
children, and the opprobrium and disgust of all 
dying in poverty and disgrace. 



Battle of Plattsburg 



' ' I was a little girl ten years of age, ' ' said my 
grand-mother, " when the most exciting event 
of my life happened. ' ' 

' ' Tell us about it, grand-ma, ' ' shouted the five 
grand children drawn up in a circle about the 
fire. Chairs were drawn closer and the young 
faces put on an expectant look. 

' ' I saw a battle, my dears, ' ' replied the cheery 
old lady, picking up her knitting. 

' ' I should like to see a naval battle, ' ' put in 
Eob, ' ' That would be the most exciting. ' ' 

' ' The one I saw was both a naval and a land 
battle, ' ' continued grandmother. 

k ' Both ? how could it be both, and where was 
it ? " came in a chorus from the excited children. 

" Get your maps and look for Plattsburg, chil- 
dren. Now, Bess, if you have found it tell us 
where it is. " 

' ' Here it is grandma, way up in the northern 
part of the State, on Lake Champlain. " 

" Yes, and you notice the Saranac River, 
which flows for a short distance almost parallel 
to the lake shore, there turns and flows into the 

(108) 



BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 109 

bay, forming a little peninsula. At the time of 
which I shall tell you, the autumn of 1814, we 
were at war with Great Britain for the second 
time, and Sir George Prevost determined to in- 
vade New York State by way of Lake Cham- 
plain, as you know Burgoyne did in the Kevolu- 
tionary war, and penetrate at least as far south 
as Crown Point. In order to do this he must 
capture Plattsburg. At that time we lived on a 
farm near the town, and not far from the lake: 
in fact so near, that from a clump of trees in 
our pasture we could overlook the lake, and the 
same time get a good view of the town. 

' 4 Early in September General Izard, who had 
been in command of a 
body of troops stationed 
at Plattsburg to prevent 
the British invasion, left 
the town with a large part 
of his force, to relieve 
General Brown who was 
besieged at Fort Erie. He 
left behind a small force 
Alexander macomb. 1782-1841 un d er General Alexander 

Macomb, who was aided by a fleet of ten barges 
or gunboats and four larger vessels commanded 
by Lieutenant Thomas McDonough.- By appeal- 
ing to the citizens of New York and Vermont, 
Macomb succeeded in adding three thousand 




110 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

volunteer militia to his little force of two thous- 
and five hundred. During the first week in Sep- 
tember we heard that Prevost was advancing 
along the shore with fourteen thousand men, 
accompanied by his fleet of four ships and twelve 
gunboats, commanded by Captain Downie. 

" From the clump of trees in the pasture of 
which I have spoken, we could see our troops 
toiling on three redoubts which with two block- 
houses they constructed on the little peninsula 
between the river and the lake. It was my 
favorite occupation to watch them, and when- 
ever I could I stole from the house to watch the 
progress of the work as well as I could from 
that distance. 

k ' On the eleventh of September, calling my 
younger brother, Ted, we started out to watch 
the men in the town. k Get the shovel and let's 
make earth-works, ' I suggested, and Ted brought 
the iron fire-shovel while I got a hoe and fol- 
lowed. ' We must have a bugle call like the 
soldiers. ' I said, and hurrying back to the house 
took the tin dinner horn from the peg behind the 
door, where it always hung, and slipped slyly 
out of doors with it. 

" We played for a time making a little mound 
of earth just at the top of the hill under the 
trees, and putting sticks in it for cannon, pre- 
tending to repel an attack from the lake, when 



BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 111 

Ted cried, ' Look at the boats! ' The little 
American fleet was drawn up in line across the 
mouth of the harbor, the four larger vessels in 
advance, the barges inside and opposite the spaces 
between them. Up the lake we could see the 
sails of what we knew must be the British ships. 
We watched them as they approached, and as 
they came nearer, we could see also the land 
troops. what if they should defeat our little 
army ! 

" The red lines seemed endless. Soon they 
neared the river and the cannon began to belch 
out their fire, the shots striking about the redoubts, 
but we could not see that it did much damage. 
In the meantime the ships had approached and 
joined battle, and the rumble of the cannon on 
shore was answered by the roar from the water. 
Breathlessly we watched them. The land troops 
approached the river, and attempted to cross at 
several points, protected by the heavy artillery 
fire. The attempts were in vain, for our brave 
men fought desperately and repelled them again 
and again. 

" The conflict on the lake, too, became more 
and more fierce. McDonough himself, as we 
afterward learned, had pointed the first gun from 
the ' Saratoga ', which raked the English flag- 
ship ' Confiance '. For an hour we watched the 
fire from the whole line, gun answering gun in 



112 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



N-'> 



py<^ 




Thomas McDonough. 1783-1825 



rapid succession until all the ships seemed ablaze. 
Toward the last, gun after gun stopped its fire, 

disabled. The ' Sarato- 
ga's' whole starboard bat- 
tery was disabled, and we 
saw her swing completely 
around, and her larboard 
battery opened fire. The 
' Confiance ' attempted to 
do the same but was un- 
successful and was soon 
obliged to strike her colors. 
The other ships which had not already surren- 
dered soon followed her example, although many 
of the galleys drifted out into the lake and 
escaped. 

kt We understood by this time that our men 
had won the battle, both on the lake and on 
shore. ' Let's go and tell mamma we've beat! ' 
shouted Ted, but just then a barge which was 
drifting inshore caught my eye. Her rudder 
seemed to have been shot away, making her 
helpless. Soon a boatload of men in red coats 
put off from her and rowed rapidly for the shore. 
They landed just below where we were, and, 
frightened, we threw ourselves down on the 
ground and peeped over our little mound at them. 
' ' They stopped for a moment and held a whis- 
pered consultation. At last we heard one who 



BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 113 

evidently in command say: ' We must have 
horses. Then we can ride around their lines and 
joined our column on the retreat. There must 
be horses on these farms around here. Up the 
hill, boys, and get them.' Just then Ted, who 
in his interest had leaned too far forward, dis- 
lodged a stone and it rolled down the hill. The 
men heard it, looked up, and we dodged back. 
They hesitated, and one pointing to our mound, 
said something about a rifle-pit and an ambush. 
Another saw our sticks which we had mounted 
for cannon, and thought them gun barrels. 
After more whispering they decided to continue 
up the hill, and with rifles presented, advanced. 
I thought of ' Gypsy \ my own black colt, graz- 
ing with the other horses in the field. They 
should not take her away! How could I pre- 
vent it ? 

" Casting my eyes bout, I spied our bugle, the 
old time dinner horn, and picking it up blew 
terrible blast, thinking to scare the horses and 
make them run into the woods. The blast had 
very different effect, for the Englishmen stopped, 
then turned and fled back to their boat. 

" Looking down over the hill, we saw them 
row hastily out toward the middle of the lake, 
as if to reach one of their owu fleeing gun-boats. 
Observed by one of our vessels, they were soon 
overhauled and taken prisoners." 



114 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

" And where did the English land troops go 
to ? " queried Rod . 

' ' They marched back to Canada, my dear, and 
Lake Champlain, with its adjacent shores, was 
left in peace." 



The Erie Canal 



" From fair Albania, toward the setting sun, 
Back through the midland length 'ning channels 

run; 
And the fair lakes, their beauteous towns that 

lave, 
And Hudson's joined to fair Ohio's wave." 

— Joel Barlow" 8 " Vision of Columbus", 1787. 

On the morning of October 28, 1825, a flotilla 
of canal- boats was gathered at Buffalo, waiting 
for the waters of Lake Erie to flow into ' ' Clin- 
ton's Big Ditch ", as the Erie canal was often 
called in derision. Eight years before, on July 
4th, 1817, the first spade was struck into the 
ground to excavate for the great water highway 
from the great lakes to the Atlantic. Now the 
gigantic task was about completed, and the boats 
awaited to commence their journey from Buffalo 
to New York. The signal was given, the water 
rushed into the canal, and boom ! went a cannon 
by its banks. Hardly had the sound died out on 
the clear autumn air when the sound of another 
gun was heard to the eastward. This was the 
signal for the firing of still another, and thus 

an) 



118 STORIES OF NEW YORK 

from one to another the news of the opening of 
the canal was carried from the west toward the 
east, and in an hour and twenty minutes reached 
New York. 

As soon as the canal was filled with water the 
barges entered in a stately procession. All were 
beautifully decorated. First came the boat 
" Seneca Chief ", drawn by four powerful gray 
horses. On board were Governor Clinton, to 
whose energy, foresight and perseverance the 
canal was largely done, Lieutenant- Governor 
Tallmadge, and other distinguished guests. They 
had on board two brightly painted barrels of 
water from Lake Erie. One of the large barges 
which followed was called "Noah's Ark", and 
contained a bear, two fawns, two live eagles, and 
a variety of other birds and beasts, as well as 
two Seneca Indians in native costume. 

The novel procession was viewed by crowds at 
the villages on its route. At Eochester, where 
the canal crosses the Genesee River, a sentinel 
stationed on a boat on the river called out as the 
4 ' Seneca Chief ' ' approached : k ' Who comes 
there? " 

' ' Your brother from the west, on the waters 
of the great lakes, ' ' was the reply. 

' ' By what means have they been diverted so 
far from their natural course? " continued the 
sentinel. 



THE ERIE CANAL 119 

" Through the channel of the grand Erie 
canal, ' ' was the response. 

" By whose authority, and by whom was a 
work of such magnitude accomplished ? ' ' 

" By the authority and by the enterprise of 
the people of New York ' ' cried many voices from 
the deck of the " Seneca Chief ". 

At Albany, the eastern terminus of the canal, 
the flotilla was received by a grand procession 
and the passengers escorted to the capitol where 
great crowds were gathered and congratulatory 
speeches were made. 

From Albany the canal boats were towed to 
New York by Hudson River steamers. The 
passengers of the "Seneca Chief", and the 
water from Lake Erie were transferred to the 
" Chancellor Livingston ". which took the former 
to tow and, joined by many others, moved down 
the river, amid the waving of flags and firing 
of guns. 

Before daybreak November fourth, the strange 
flotilla anchored off Greenwich village, a suburb 
of New York. At a given signal, flags were 
unfurled all over the city, and the handsomely 
decorated steamer ' ' Washington ' ' conveyed the 
municipal officers of the city to the anchored 
boats. ' ' Where are you from and what is your 
destination ? ' ' 

' ' From Lake Erie and bound for Sandy Hook, ' ' 
was the reply. 



120 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



The fleet was joined by many other boats of 
all kinds and, after receiving salutes from the 
Battery, Castle William on Governor's Island, 
and two British ships of war lying in the har- 
bor, formed a procession and moved toward the 
sea. After passing the Narrows the United 
States schooner ' ' Dolphin ' ' approached as a 
messenger of Neptune to inquire in regard to the 
visitors. Then followed the ceremony of the 
wedding of the lakes and the ocean. 

A keg of the lake water was brought to Gov- 
ernor Clinton on the deck 
of the ' ' Chancellor Liv- 
ingston". Lifting the 
keg and pouring the 
water into the sea, the 
governor said : " T h i s 
solemnity, at this place, 
on the first arrival of 
vessels from Lake Erie, 
is intended to indicate 
and commemorate the navigable communication 
which has been accomplished between our Medi- 
terranean seas and the Atlantic Ocean, in about 
eight years, and to the extent of four hundred 
twenty-five miles, by the wisdom, public spirit 
and energy of the people of the State of New 
York; and may the God of the heavens and of 
the earth smile most propitiously on this work, 




DeWitt Clinton, 1769-1828 



THE ERIE CANAL 121 

and render it subservient to the best interests of 
the human race. ' ' After an address, salutes and 
music, the procession moved back to the city, a 
banquet being served on the steamers on the way. 
Daring this time a civic procession represent- 
ing all classes of New York's citizens had paraded 
the streets with banners and music. The repre- 
sentatives of twenty-two industrial societies piled 
their trades upon platforms drawn in the pro- 
cession. A printing press in one of these cars 
constantly printed and scattered the ' ' Ode for 
the canal celebration ' ' beginning thus : 

"'Tisdone! 'Tisdone! The mighty chain 
Which joins bright Erie to the Main 
For ages shall perpetuate 
The glory of our native State. ' '' 

The festivities were continued by illuminations 
and banquets, and terminated with a grand ball, 
at which more than three thousand people were 
present. 

Thus did the State celebrate its greatest under- 
taking. Begun at a time when the finances of 
the State were at a low ebb, it had been carried 
on and completed by New York State alone, at 
a cost of about nine million dollars, which was 
later increased to over fifty millions by enlarging 
it. Fortunately for her, the United States gov- 
ernment refused to assist in the undertaking, 
although it would benefit the whole north west, 



122 



STORIES OF NEW YORK 



and the State has the honor and glory of carry- 
ing the stupendous project to a successful com- 
pletion. This great water highway gave an 
outlet to the products of the North- West, 
cheapened transportation to a wonderful degree, 
built up cities on its route, and made New York 
city what it has since remained, the great com- 
mercial metropolis of the New World. 





Christopher Colles. 1738-1816 



Gouverneur Morris. 1752-1816 



It is to such men as Christopher Colles, who 
first suggested the canal, Governor DeWitt Clin- 
ton, Robert E. Livingston, and Gouverneur Morris, 
more particularly to Clinton, that the State owes 
this undertaking; and yet, among all who have 
been so honored, she has never raised a statue to 
the memory of the man who accomplished so 
much against such seemingly insurmountable 
difficulties. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 

Books for New York Schools. 

1. A Manual of School Law. By C. W. Bardeen. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 
300. Manilla, 50 cts. ; cloth, $1.00. 

This book has been for twenty years the only recognized text-book on 
the subject. The present edition was wholly re-written in 1896, and brings 
the subject up to date. It includes the author's "Handbook for School 
Trustees ", and adds all the questions in school law given at uniform exam- 
inations from the first to March, 1896, with full answers as published by the 
State Department corrected to date according to changes in the law. As 
school law is hereafter to be required in all teachers' examinations, 2d and 
3d grades, as well as 1st, this book is absolutely indispensable to every 
teacher, and hence has been put in the Standard Teachers' Library. 

2. Laws of New York relating to Common Schools, with Comments and 
Instructions, and a digest of Decisions. Leather, 8vo, pp. 807. $2.50. 

This is what is known as " The Code of 1888", and is the final authority 
upon all disputed questions. 

5. A Descriptive Geography of the Empire State. By C. "W. Bardeev. 
Cloth, 8vo, pp. 126, with 25 outline maps on uniform scale, 5 relief maps, and 
125 illustrations. 75 cts. 

The advance orders for this book exceeded any that have before been re- 
ceived for any of our publications. Its most marked characteristic is its ap- 
peal to the eye. Its illustrations are abundant and typical, and its 25 outline 
maps on uniform scale, each making prominent one thing at a time, commend 
themselves at sight. No New York school can afford to be without it. 

4. A Brief History of the Empire State, for Schools and Families. By 
Welland Hendrick, A.M. Cloth, small 4to, pp. 201. 75 cts. 

This book has proved one of our great successes, more than three hun- 
dred schools having officially adopted it. This subject has been made a 
part of the Regents' course of study, with special questions in the examina- 
tions, and the Department of Public Instruction gives it five counts at the 
examinations for State certificates. Whether used as a history, or as a sup- 
plementary reading-book, it has given universal satisfaction. 

5. Civil Government for Common Schools, prepared as a manual for 
public instruction in the State of New York. To which are appended the 
Constitution of the United States, and the Declaration of Independence, 
etc., etc. By Henry C. Northam. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 220. 75 cts. 

This book no longer needs description, as its use is almost universal. 
The present edition gives all the changes under the new constitution. 

6. A Chart of Civil Government. By Charles T. Pooler. Sheets 12 x 
18. 5 cts. The same folded for the pocket, in cloth covers, 25 cts. 

7. History of Educational Journalism in New York. By C. W. Bar- 
deen. Paper, 8vo, pp. 45. 50 cts. 

C. W. BAKDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N". Y. 



THE SCHO OL B ULLETIX P UBLICA TIONS 

Hendrick's Brief History of the Empire Slate. 

The success of this work may be judged from the fact that the last Re- 
gents' report giving the text-books used shows that the number of schools 
in which Hendrick's History is used has increased from 98 in 1891-2, when 
first published, to 162 the next year, 189 the next, 231 the next, and 268 in 
1895-6. the last reported, while two others are used altogether, and these only 
in 2 schools. Since the Regents give two counts to New York history, and 
the Department of Public Instruction gives nearly half the questions in 
American history to New York history, principals are no*, slow to see that the 
trend in history as in geography is toward beginning at home, and making 
first well-known that which is nearest. Here are some testimonials: 

Entered 50 in New York history; passed 42, or 92 # of class. Think the 
book first-class for the purpose.— Principal J. A. Bassett, Richfield Springs. 

We use your History, 40 in the class. It is the best supplementary 
Reader I ever saw. — F. L. Oammage, Headmaster St. Paul's School. 

Hendrick's book was used as a supplementary book in one of our gram- 
mar classes with very great acceptance. The teachers report great interest 
on the part of the pupils, and express the opinion that the book is admir- 
ably adapted to the purpose for which it was designed. It ivas by all odds 
the most popular reading book placed in the hands of the class.— Principal 
E. N. Jones, Plattsburgh Normal, while superintendent at Saratoga Springs. 

Two things especially impress me in perusing this work, viz.: the im- 
portance of this knowledge to the school children of New York State, and 
the means of acquiring the same, made attractive by the clear and concise 
style of the author. — Commissioner Oscar Granger, Tioga county, N. Y. 

What a fine work the " History of the Empire State " is! I hope to see 
it in every school, for it is exactly such knowledge that will prove most in- 
structive to the children of our State. — A. H. Wilson, School Commissioner, 
Fayetteville, N. Y. 

Mr. Welland Hendrick, a teacher of history, finding the need of a brief 
history of New York State, set about to supply the deficiency. The result 
of his labors in compilation, arrangement, and condensation is a very satis- 
factory text-book. In a compact manual of eighteen chapters he outlines 
the story of the Empire State. The descriptive matter is well furnished 
with wood-cuts, portraits and maps. In an appendix a number of well 
framed questions are given for each chapter, making the work doubly use- 
ful for the scholar and teacher. There is also an index. * * * It is really 
quite refreshing to find the maker of a text-book of the history of New 
York going at it properly, instead of hieing at once, as is usual with the 
compiler, to Washington Irving, and taking him seriously. Mr. Hendrick 
shows the sturdy qualities of the first settlers of New York, pays high trib- 
ute to the merits of the Hollanders, does justice to Leisler, emphasizes the 
story of liberty, gives due proportion of space to the events leading to the 
Revolutionary and later wars, and to the triumph of peace. The last chap- 
ter treats of the era of centennial celebrations.— The Critic. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS 



Prentice's History of New York State 

The demand for a history of New York fuller than Hendrick's History 
of the Empire State and brought down to date has led to the preparation of 
this volume, which, it is believed, will meet the requirements for several years 
to come. It contains three times as much material as Hendrick's, and 
carries the narrative to 1900, ending with the nomination of Gov. Roosevelt 
for vice-president. 

It divides the history of the State into eleven periods, and treats it in 
fifty-eight chapters, with six supplementary chapters on education, colonial 
families, distinguished citizens, New York in literature, the New York of 
1900, and the counties of New York. Each chapter is of suitable length for 
a single reading or lesson, has a main thought about which all that is given 
is grouped, and is followed by topical questions. No effort has been spared 
so to arrange and present the history as to make a fixed and vivid impression. 

To this end no less than 182 portraits have been inserted, each in that 
place in the narrative where the name is most conspicuous, and each with 
the date of birth and death. These portraits include those of every presi- 
dent of the United States and every elected governor of the State, each with 
the term of such service following the date of birth and death. All will 
recognize the helpfulness of these portraits, both in giving vividness to the 
narrative, and in familiarizing the pupils with the features and the periods 
of the men prominent in New York history. Other illustrations are given, 
and abundant maps show the locality of the events described. 

In the preface the author speaks as follows: 

" While every citizen should have a general knowledge of the history of 
the State in which he lives, there are special reasons why this is true of 
those who dwell in any one of the thirteen original States. Theirs is the 
history of our country, of the formation of our government, of the develop- 
ment of those institutions which every American loves. They are the par- 
ent States from whose union were begotten the whole sisterhood of the 
nation. * * * 

" In all this New York has borne a most honorable and important part. 

"Moreover, there is in her case an additional reason for the study of 
State history. Within an area-of only 49,170 square miles there is a vast 
foreign-born population such as few other States possess. The children of 
these, educated in her free public schools, are entitled to a share in that 
honorable history which in so many native-born families has been handed 
down from father to sou from revolutionary times. 

" For all these young men and women, whether native or foreign-born, 
future citizens of the State, this book has been written, in the hope that it 
will help them to know, and so to love, the great State in which it is their 
good fortune to have a home." 

Cloth, 1 61110, pp. 550, 12 maps, 188 portraits and other 
illustrations, JS1.50 



. THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 

Books for Teaching Geography. 

1. A Brief Geography of the Empire State. With 25 outline maps o* 
uniform scale, 5 relief maps, and 125 illustrations. By C. W. Bardeen. 
Cloth, 8vo, pp. 120. 75 cts. Outline maps of New York for pupils' use to 
accompany it, 15 cts. per pad of 50. 

Primary Education says of this book : " The work has several unusual 
features. The series of outline maps is designed to make prominent on* 
thing at a time. * * * There are also the unusual maps of Mineral Springs, 
Indian Reservations, and of Charitable and Correctional Institutions. The 
book is intended for the use of pupils as young as fifth grade. * * * The 
illustrations embrace the unequalled natural attractions of a State famous for 
its beauty of waterfall, mountain, and landscape. These illustrations are of 
excellent quality and tastefully arranged, and will be enjoyed by everybody 
who turns the leaves of this unique book, whether they belong to the Empire 
State or to some other part of our broad country. The book is full of unex- 
pressed State pride, and the school children of New York will feel richer in 
their State inheritance after their study of this concentrated record of the 
facts, resources, and history of a State always justly proud of its past and 
present. * * * It is a credit not only to Publisher Bardeen's enterprise 
but to his love for his State and his recognition of the grade and quality of 
his State constituents, that he has seen and felt the occasion to bring out a 
book of this nature." 

2. The Oswego Method of Teaching Geography. By Amos W. Farnham. 
Cloth, 16mo, pp. 127. 50 cts. 

Dr. Sheldon, principal of the Oswego Normal, says in the preface : 
" The plan, the order of arrangement, the exclusion of unnecessary details, 
all seem to me very commendable. And I take pleasure in endorsing it a* 
an embodiment of my own idea as to the method of teaching geography." 

3. Descriptive Geography taught by means of Map-Drawing. By EvaD. 
Wilkins. Boards 4to. 

(a) Map Drawing Book of the Continents, pp. 66. 75 cts. 
(6) Map Drawing Book of the United States, pp. 89. 75 cts. 
(c) Teachers' Edition for both the above, pp. 129. $1.50. 

4. Topical Geography, with Methods and Supplementary Notes. By Ida 
L. Griffin. Leatherette, 12mo, pp. 142. 50 cts. 

5. Oral Instruction in Geography. By Emma L. Pardon. Paper, 16mo, 
pp.29. 15 cts. i 

6. A School Geography of Pennsylvania. By J. W. Redway. Leather- 
ette, 16mo, pp. 98. 35 cts. Indispensable to Pennsylvania teachers. 

7. A Globe Manual for Schools. By Flavius J. Cheney. Paper, 16mo, 
pp. 95. 25 cts. Few teachers grasp the possibilities of globe-instruction. 

8. The International Date Line. By Henry Collins. Paper, 16mo, pp. 
15. 15 cts. This is final authority on a subject often little understood. 

9. Latitude, Longitude and Time. By J. A. Bassett. Maniifa, lemoi, 
pp. 42. 25 cts. Makes simple one of the most difficult subjects. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



" An effort in the right direction.*"— The Nation. 

" Contains all the information that is likely to be desired by teacher or 
pupil."— The Critic. 

"There are uumerous illustrations, many of which are well chosen and 
well produced."— Science. 

" I am delighted with it. It is brimful of helpful suggestions."— Prin- 
cipal M. A. Taft, Mattituck, N. Y. 

" Mr. Bardeen issues some splendid books, and this is one of them. It 
is well arranged, edited, and printed, and the schools of New York are to 
be congratulated on having so good a geography." — Penman's Art Journal. 

" I have just finished reading your Geography of the Empire State, and 
I am heartily pleased with it. I never realized that there were so many 
places and things of interest and importance in this State. "—Frank L. 
Miller, School Commissioner, Schuyler Co., N. Y. 

"Bardeen's Geography of the Empire State meets a long-felt want. It 
is just what Ave need to prepare for regents geography. The arrangement 
of the subject matter is up to date. Our students are more than well- 
pleased with it."— Principal James M. Grimes, Mount Vernon, N. Y. 

" Received the Geography of the Empire State, and have read every 
word of it. It is deeply interesting to me. * * * I think every one who 
claims to be intelligent should make the book a study. Now we can have 
it, it seems a necessity. Every pupil of the public school should be re- 
quired to master this book somewhere in his course."— G. Ayer, Clifton 
Springs, N. Y. 

" Local geography is deservedly taking a high rank in school studies. 
The regents make a separate requirement of geography and history of New 
York State. No better text-book can be found to give the desired inform- 
ation than Bardeen's Geography of the Empire State. Its illustrations and 
text combine to give the student a very excellent idea of what New York 
State really is."— Chas. T. Andrews, New York Inspector of Normal Schools. 

" This is a vigorous and enterprising manual, copiously illustrated with 
maps and phototypes. It treats of the boundaries, surface, rivers, moun- 
tains, lakes, physical features, and geology of the State, its climate, pro- 
ductions, and political divisions, and, in a novel and ingenious chapter, 
takes the student over a series of the railway journeys possible in the State." 
— The Independent. 

" Mr. Bardeen has made a geography of New York State which can be 
used by fifth year pupils as a text-book and by all folks as a work of refer- 
ence. It contains much matter not easily accessible to the ordinary stu- 
dent and it contains all that the student and average reader needs. Within 
the compass of 125 pages the author has 21 full-page illustrations, 25 out- 
line maps on uniform scale, 5 relief maps, 125 illustrations, and enough 
letter press to satisfy the most exacting. It is the best State geography we 
have ever seen and its use in the schools of New York should be made com- 
pulsory."— The Teachers World. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 



Nortlmm's Civil Government. 

What ground shall a text-book of civil-government cover? Shall it 
deal with theories or shall it deal with facts? The answer is simple — in this 
subject as in all oiAers, the facts should come first. This is the inductive 
method — the methoo. of the 19th century. When the facts are familiar, then 
the theories may be considered, but it is ridiculous for a class of youngs- 
ters to be discussing the theory of representative government before they 
know which officers are elected at town-meeting. 

To give facts is the special province of Northam's Civil Government. 
<rne lirst 24 pages are kept in type, and the names of the officers are in 
every edition revised to the date of issue. For this reason the book is pur- 
chased by lawyers and supreme-court judges because the information may 
be depended upon. When the present State Superintendent was a member 
of assembly, in 1878, he ordered 50 copies for himself and his friends; 
whereupon the democratic leader ordered 62 copies for himself and his 
friends. Even in schools that use other text-books, the wise teacher in- 
variably keeps Northam's upon the desk, and depends upon it for her facts; 
and she finds when examination comes that it is what they have learned 
from Northam that enables her pupils to pass. 

It begins with the school-district: then passes to the town, giving the 
provisions of the new town law, just gone into effect; and passes on to the 
village, the city, the county, the State, and the nation, making frequent 
comparisons and giving tables that keep clear to the pupil the correspond- 
ences and the differences in the various offices. It deals clearly with the 
judiciary, making the various steps of litigation distinct. It gives a series 
of 12 maps of the State, each illustrating a single feature. And finally it 
gives the latest revisions of the State and the national constitutions. 

" At the commencement of last term I introduced Northam's Civil Gov- 
ernment into a class of 28 pupils, more than half of them girls. At the 
close of the term I invited in our lawyers, politicians, and prominent citi- 
zens to witness the examination. After we had gone through the regular 
exercises, I called on some of the prominent lawyers to question the class, 
and they did so, minutely and thoroughly. When they got through, the tes- 
timony of these lawyers was that they did not think there were ten people 
in the county outside the legal profession, and very few in the profession, 
who could have sustained such an examination so well. As for the book 
itself, I have never used any text-book on any subject in which I could get 
up such enthusiasm. The children were proud of the information they got, 
and their parents were proud too. The people say that in the five years I 
have been at Owego, I have done no other one thing of so much importance 
to the village. They all agree that it would be a great deal better to have 
less Latin and Greek, if it were necessary in order to have more of ?uch in- 
Btruction as this."— Principal A. J. Bobb, Owego, N. Y. 

Cloth, 16mo, pp. 214. Price 75 ets. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 




THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS 

Books for Teaching History. 

1. A Working Manual of American History for Teachers and Students. 
By Prof. Wm. H. Mace. 16mo, pp. 297. 
Cloth, $1.00 ; manilla, 50 ots. 

(1) It outlines the subject to 1870, 
showing phases of institutional life so 
as to reveal the organizing principle in 
each. (2) It gives abundant reference 
by volume and page to the leading au- 
thorities, making the book usable when 
time is short and books are scarce. (3) 
It gives original material for study at 
first hand, sets original problems, makes 
history real, and causes students to 
think. 
2. Tojncs and References in United 
States History. By Geo. A. Williams. 16mo, pp. 181. Cloth, $1.00; ma- 
nilla, 50 cts. 

The references are to magazines and to works writteu in popular style, 
with the idea that the first object is to awaken interest in the subject. 

3. An Outline Study of United States History. By Harlow Godard. 
Leatherette, 16mo, pp. 136. 50 cts. 

It gives (1) an outline of leading events ; (2) directions for studying each 
topic; (3) a list of books for reference; (4) a review at the close of each 
period. 

4. A Thousand Questions in American History, with full Answers. Cloth, 
16mo, pp. 247. Price $1.00, 

This work shows rare breadth of view and discrimination, dealing not 
merely with events but with causes, and with the side-issues that have so 
much to do with determining the destiny of a nation. 

5. Helps in Fixing the Facts of American History. By Henry C. Nor- 
tham. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 298. Price $1.00. 

6. Brief Views of U. S. History. By Anna M. Juliand. 16ino, pp. 69, 
35 cts. 

7. Dime Question Books, No. 5, General History, and No. 6, United States 
History and Civil Government By Albert P. Southwick. Paper, 16mo, 
pp. 37, 32. 10 cts. each. 

8. Chronological Tables. A Synchronistic Arrangement of the Events 
of Ancient History. By Arthur C. Jennings. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 136. $1.00. 

The range is from the foundation of Rome to the birth of Christ. In 
tables i-iv the student may see at a glance what political events in Palestine 
or the eastern monarchies occurred at the same time with those of Greek 
and Roman history. In tables v, vi he may see what stage each country ha(J 
reached at any period in science, legislation, and literature. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 



Cards and Charts for Teaching History. 

1. Historical Cards, with Topics, Questions, and References on the most 
important events in General History, 200 cards, 3J4 x 5J4 inches, in box, $1.00. 

These cards are designed for use in the High and College Preparatory 
Schools. 

On each card is a topic, with subdivisions and questions. On the back 
of each card reference is made to all the leading histories used in the schools 
of the country. Thowands of 'references are cited. Space has been left on 
each card for additional questions and references. 

The cards may be used in daily recitations and reviews. In addition to 
the many Histories cited, a large number of books are referred to under the 
head of "Interesting Reading." Different colors are used for the several 
Historical Epochs. 

2, Historical Cards, with Topics, Questions, and References on all the 
important events in United States History. 200 cards, 3}£ x 5J4 inches, in box 
$1.00. Or, 

Part I. Prehistoric Period, Period of Discoveries and Explorations, 
Period of Settlements, P^iiod of the Revolutionary War. 92 cards, in box, 
50cts. 

Part II. Constitutional Period, which includes the Periods of the Devel- 
opment of the States, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and more recent events, 
General Review, Civil Government. 108 cards, in box, 50 cts. 

On each card there is a topic, with subdivisions and questions. On the 
back of the cards reference is made to fifteen School Histories, giving the 
page or pages in each on which the subject is in any way treated. Nearly 
5,000 references are cited. The cards may be used with any United States 
history. The topics and questions are so arranged that the pupils, in recit- 
ing, must necessarily express themselves in their own language, rather than 
that of the book. Much time is saved the teacher in having the topics pre- 
pared. Different colors are used for the several Historical Epochs. 

8. A Chart of United States History, By Noah T. Clarke, Ph.D. One 
page, 9x12. Each 5 cts. ; per dozen 50 cts. 

This chart gives a birdseye view of the entire history of our country. 
No more practically helpful review has ever been published. 

A. Conspectus of United States History to the time of Garfield. Cloth, 
81x91 inches, on rollers. $2.00. 

5. Conspectus of the History of Political Parties and the Federal Govern- 
ment to 1880. By Walter R. Houghton. Cloth, 4to, pp. 85, with colored 
charts, $5.00. Or chart alone, mounted on rollers, $1.00. 

6. Syllabusses of American History. By Welland Hendrick. Paper, 
8vo, pp. 4. Each 5 cts. Per dozen 50 cts. 

Published four times a year, for the Regents' Examinations. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 



Edwards's American History Game. 

This consists of 100 cards, each with five questions printed on one side, 

as in the sample shown. The 
cards are uniform with those 
of Geography Game, and the 
manner of playing is the same. 
The variety of questions is un- 
usual, so that interest is easily 
maintained. As the answer is 
given to every question, the 
cards become not only a test 
but a means of instruction. 
Here are some of the questions: 
What president was left- 
handed ? Garfield. 

What president was a great 
wrestler ? Abraham Lincoln. 

Who was the first president 
not born a British subject ? 
Van Buren. 

What president made no in- 
augural address ? Fillmore. 

Who was the only president 
to deliver his inaugural address 
extempore ? Cleveland. 

Who was the only president 
elected by a commission? 
Rutherford B. Hayes. 

What president learned to 
write after he was married ? 
Andrew Johnson. 

What president never cast a vote or held a civil office until elected 
president ? Taylor. 

Which was the larger before the Revolution, New York or Boston ? 
Boston. 

What was captured from Santa Anna at the battle of Cerro Gordo? 
His cork leg. 

Of whom did General Grant say " I rank him with Napoleon, Frederick 
the Great, and the famous commanders of history ? Philip H. Sheridan. 

In what battle was a tablecloth raised for a white flag ? Surrender of 
Detroit, 1812. 

Who of President Hayes's cabinet was a member of the opposite party ? 
Postmaster General Key. 

To whom did Franklin say, " We must all hang together or we shall all 
hang separately ?" John Hancock. 

The cards come put up in a neat box, and are sent postpaid for 50 cts. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



— 76 — 

What is the only war recorded 
in history in which all the vic- 
tories were on one side, and 
were gained in every instance 
against a larger force? 

Mexican War. 

Of what President was Nath- 
aniel Hawthorne an intimate 
friend? Franklin Pierce. 

What nation presented to Amer- 
ica Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty 
Enlightening the World? 

France. 

Who was Secretary of the Treas- 
ury during the Civil War. 

Salmon P. Chase. 

What republic applied for ad- 
mission to the United States 
during Grant's administration? 
San Domingo. 



-STANDARD TEACHERS' LIBRARY, No. 42. 



Topics and References in American History. 

By Geo. A. Williams, Ph. D., Instructor in Brown University. 

This is an entirely new edition of this popular manual, with many addi- 
tional references, and reaching from the earliest times to the administration 
of McKinley. The references are largely given to magazines and to works 
written in popular style, rather than to standard histories, in the belief that 
the main point on the start is to awaken an interest. If the work is taken 
up topically with this little book as a guide to study and reading, " that 
hateful history" may become the most delightful of studies. 

From testimonials of the former edition we select the following : 

It seems to me well prepared and likelj r to be very useful. — Martin B. 
Anderson, late president Rochester University. 

I think your " Topics and References " is an admirable little manual for 
use in our academies and union schools. In fact it would be very useful for 
any student of American history. It is full, accurate, and free from all 
political bias.— Ebenezer Dodge, late president Colgate University. 

I have looked over your Topics with genuine pleasure, and I see chat 
you are doing your work in the right way. There is so much of humdrum 
work that such a method is an inspiring relief fiom the ordinary text-book 
methods. — Charles K. Adams, president University of Wisconsin. 

Thank you for the little book, which seems to me uncommonly well 
done. It is the fulfilment of my strong desire to see in various directions 
such a humanizing influence brought to bear on the teaching of history in 
our schools. — Col. Thos. W. Higginson, Boston, Mass. 

I take a personal satisfaction in all such works as yours, for I Was one 
of the first to adopt the new view of United States history of which your 
work is a type. It is hardly necessary to say that I admire your book. I 
had had it sent to me before by one of the Messrs. Holts' agents ag a model 
of what such a book ought to be, and I entirely agree with him. — Prof. 
Alex. Johnston, Princeton College. 

We do not say it in the interests of the author or publisher, but for the 
benefit of the profession, that we know of no outline of historical topics 
that will compare with the above for completeness or arrangement and 
general suggestiveness to the teacher. Not only are the topics stated in his- 
torical and logical order, but copious and definite references to standard his- 
torical and literary works are given in connection with each. All teachers 
and students of history should have a copy of this work. — True Educator. 

The first sentence in the preface of Mr. Williams's little pamphlet con- 
tains the secret of the general excellence of the publications of this pub- 
lisher : " The main purpose in printing this little hand-book has been to save 
time in my own classes that would otherwise be consumed in copying." 
Most of Mr. Bardeen's books are born in the school-room, not in the study. 
That is a good place for a school-book to be born in. — School Gazetteer. 
lGmo, pp. 181, Interleaved for notes. In Manilla 50 cts. ; in Cloth, $1.00. 

*C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



School Bulletin Publications 



NOTE.— Binding is indicated as follows : B boards, C clolh, L leatherette, 
M manilla, P paper. Size as follows: 8:416 indicates Svo,pp. U16; 12:393 in- 
dicates 12mo, pp. 393 ; 10:389 indicates 16mo, pp. 3S0. Numbers preceding the 
binding and size give the pages in the Trade Sale catalogue of 1898 on which 
the books are described, the fullest description being placed first. Books 
preceded by a dagger (t) are selected by the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction for the New York Teachers 1 Library. 

Books starred may be had also in the Standard Teachers' Library, 
manilla binding, at 50 cts. each. Unless expressly ordered to be sent in this 
binding, such volumes are always sent in cloth. 

A DAY of My Life, or Everyday Experiences at Eton. 15 C 16:184. . . . $1 00 
Ackernian (Mrs. M. B.) Review Questions to accompany Hendiick's His- 
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Alden (Joseph). First Principles of Political Economy. 51 C 16:153 75 

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Alexaiidrow (F.) Method of Learning Russian. 43 C 12:135, $1.25; Key 25 

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Arnold (Matthew). Reports on Elementary Schools, 1852-1882. C 16:318. 2.00 

(Thomas). * Stanley's Life of, J. S. Carlisle. 18 C 16:252. 1 00 

Ascharn (Roger). Sketch of, by R. H. Quick. 18 P 16:55 15 

* Biography, by Samuel Johnson. 18 C 16:252 1 00 

Complete Works. 18 C 16:321, 273, 376, 374 4 vols 5 00 

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42 C 16:320 1 00 

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Bardeen (C. E.) Infection and Immunity \ P 8:20 25 

(C. W.) * Manual of School Law. 54, 51, 53, 56, C 16:276 1 00 

+ Geography of the Empire State. 45, 53, 56 C 8:120 75 

Outlines of Sentence- Making. C 12:187 . . 60 

+ Verbal Pitfalls. A manual of 1500 misused words. 36, 21 C 16:223. . 75 

* t Roderick Hume. The Story of a New York Teacher. 54, 13, 15, C 

16:295 1 25 

* Commissioner Hume, A Story of New York Schools. C 16:210 1 25 

The Little Old Man, or the School for Illiberal Mothers. 13 C 16:31 ... 50 

Teaching as a Business for Men. 29 P 8:20 25 

The Teacher's Commercial Value. 29 P 8:20 25 

TJie Teacher as He Should Be. 29 P 8:24 25 

Fitting Teachers to Places. P 16:70 25 

*t Teaching as a Business. The above four addresses in one vol- 
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The Tax-Payer and the Township System. 29 P 8:20 25 

Lome Problems of City School Managemen t. P 8:16 25 

Effect of the College- Preparatwy High School. 28, 29 P 8:5 15 

History of Educational Journalism in New York. 15, 29, 53 P 8:45. . . 40 

The Song Budget. 60Psmall4:76 15 

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Dime Question Books of Temperance Physiology, Book- Keeping, Let- 
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Barnard (Henry). American Journal of Education. Vols. I-XIII, XVI, 

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Letters, Essays, Thoughts on Studies and Conduct. C 8:552 3 50 

t Kindergarten and Child Culture Papers, etc. C 8:784 3 50 

American Pedagogy. C 8:510 3 50 

Military Systems of Education. C 8:960 5 50 

The EdH Labors of by Will S. Monroe. 18 L 16:35 50 

(H.) Oral Training Lessons. 40 C 12:136 75 

Basedow (J. B.) Sketch of, by R. H. Quick. P 16:18 15 

Bassett (J. A.) Latitude, Longitude, and Time. 35, 32, 45, 56 M 16:42. . 25 

Bates (S. P.) Methods of Teachers' Institutes. 31 C 12:76 60 

Batsdorf (J. B.) The Management of Country Schools. 29, 30 P 8:33 20 

Beebe (Levi N.) First Steps among Figures. 33, 32 C 16:326 1 00 

Pupil's Edition. C 16:140 45 

Beesau (Amable). The Spirit of Education. C 16:325, and Portrait 125 

Bell (Andrew). An Old Educational Reformer. 18 C 16:182 1 00 

Bennett (C. W.) National Education in Europe. 29 P 8:28 15 

History of the Philosophy of Pedagogics. 15 L 16:43 50 

Benton (Emily E.) The Happy Method in Number. 32 C 8:96 75 

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Bible in the Public Schools, Cincinnati case, P 24:214, 233 $ 50 

Binner (Paul). Old Stories Retold. 36, 13 B 16:64. 25 

Blackman (o.) Graded Songs for Day Schools. P 1G:39 10 

* Birkbeck (George). The Pioneer of Popular Education. Memoir of, 

by J. G. Godard. C 16:258 1 50 

Blakely (W. A.) Chart of Parliamentary Rules. 37 P 16:4 25 

Blodgett, (A.. B.) The Relationofa Principal to the Community. P 8:19. 25 
Bradford (W. II.) Thirty Possible Problems in Percentage. 32, 56 M 16:34. 25 

Briggs (F. II.) Boys and How to Re-Make them. 29, 31 P 8:24 25 

Industrial Training in Reformatory Institutions. 29 P 16:28 25 

Bristol (II. C.) Honesty Cards in Arithmetic. 35 50 cards, 3x4% 50 

Brown (I. H.) Popular Speaker. P 12:180 25 

Browne (M. Frances). A Glimpse of Grammar-Land. 36, 38 P 8:24 15 

Browning, (Oscar). A Short History of Education. 15 C 16:105 50 

*Buckham (H. B.) Handbook for Young Teachers. 21, 30, C 16:152. 75 
*Buffalo Examination Questions. 59 1st 4 Years : 1892-6, 52 C 16:318 1 00 

Bugbee (A. G.) Exercises in English Syntax. 41 L 16:85 35 

Key to the same. L 16:36 35 

Bulletin Spelling Pads, 70 pages. Each 15 

Absence Record. 58 L pp. 400. 11x11^. 3 00 

Book-Keeping Blanks. Press-board, 7x8J4 pp. 28. Each 15 

Composition Book. M 8:44 15 

Class Register. 58 Press-board cover, Three Sizes, (a) 6x7, for 

terms of 20 weeks ; or (b) 5x7, for terms of 14 weeks Pp. 48 25 

(c) Like {b) but with one-half more (72) pages 35 

Pencil Holder, numbered for 60 pupils. 64 2 00 

Ink-Well Filler, holding one quart. 64 1 25 

Number Fan. 35 11x15 inches 1 00 

Burnhani (W. P.) Duties of Outposts U. S. Army. C 24:171 50 

Burritt (J. L.) Penmanship in Public Schools. P 12:62, and chart 60 

Burt (Mary E.) Bees ; a Study from Virgit. For 7th Grade Reading. 

P. 16:15 15 

Butler (Nicholas Murray). The Place of Comenius. 27, 19 P 16:20 15 

* CADET (Felix). Port-Royal Education. C 16:300 1 50 

Caesar's Conspiracy of the Helvetians. 57 P 16:20 10 

Canfield (James II.) Rural Higher Education. 28, 29 P 8:24 15 

*t Carlisle (J. S.) Two Great Teachers, Ascham and Arnold. 18 C 16:252. 1 CO 

Catalogue of Rare Looks on Pedagogy. P 24 :58 06 

Trade Sale, 1898, of School Bulletin Publications. P 8:64 06 

Cheney(F.) A Globe Manual for Schools. 45 P 16:95 25 

♦Civil Service Question Book. 44 C 16:282 1 50 

Clarke (Noah T. ) Chart of U. S. History. 49 P 8^x12. Each 5c. ; per doz. 50 

Code of Public Instruction, New York, 1888. 51, 53 L 8:1075, net 2 50 

Colored Crayon, for Blackboard, per box of one dozen, nine colors. . . 25 

Collins (ITenry). The International Date Line. 35, 32, 45 P 16:15 15 

Comenius (John Amos). Orbis Pictus. 19 C 8:232 3 00 

* t Lifeand Educational Works, by S. S. Laurie. 19, 18 C 16:272 1 GO 

Sketch of, by R. H. Quick. P 16:25. (See also Butler, Maxwell). . . . 15 

Portrait of, 63 P 22x28 1 CO 

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Comfort (George P.) Modern L< nguages in Education. 28, 29 P 16:40..$ 25 

(Geo. F. and Anna M.) Woman's Education and Woman's Health ; 

chiefly in reply to " Sex in Education •'. C 16:155 1 00 

Constitution of the State of New York. P 16:63 10 

Cooper (Oscar 11.) Compulsory Laws and their Enforcement. 29 P 8:6. . 15 

Craig(A.R.) 1 he Philosophy of Training. 12:377 2 00 

Crain (J. II.) 70 Review Lessons in Geography. 45 P 16:60 25 

Cube Root Blocks, carried to 3 places. 35 1 00 

Cyclopaedia of Education. 14 C 8 :5G2 3 75 

DAEY (D.) Adventures of Roger V Estrange. 12:301 2 00 

Daniels (Blanche P.) Outlines of English Literature. 42, 57 12:102. ... 50 
Danish and Norwegian Conversation Book (See also Lund). 43 24:128 75 

Davis (W. W.) Suggestions for Teaching Fractions. 35 P 16:43 25 

Fractional Apparatus, in box. 35 (Not mailable) 4 00 

De Graff (E. V.) Practical Phonics. 36 C 16:108 75 

Pocket Pronunciation Book. 36 M 16 :47 15 

* t The School-Boom Guide. 22, 30. 81, 56 C 16:405 1 50 

— - t Development Lessons. C 8:301 1 50 

The School-Room Chorus. 60 B small 4:147 35 

Calisthenics and Disciplinary Exercises. 37 M 16:39 25 

* t De Guiinps (Roger). PestcUozzi, h is . ! im an d Work. 20, 18 C 12:331 1 50 

Denominational Schools. Discussion of 1889. 29 P 8:71 25 

Dickinson (John W.) The Li/nils of Oral Teaching. 27, 40 P 16:24 15 

Diehl (Anna Randall-)- 4 Practical Delsarte Primer. 36, 37 C 16:66. ... 50 
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" 50 6 50 

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ki 50 7 25 

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Donaldson (James). Lectures on Education. 15 16:185 100 

Dudevant (A.) French and English Commercial Correspondence. 44 

12:107 50 

Durham (W. H.) Carleton Lsland in the Revolution. 13 C 16:128 1 00 

EDUCATION as Viewed by Thinkers. 27, P 16:47 15 

* Intellectual, Moral, and Physical, Herbert Spencer. 24, 16:331.. 1 00 

for the People, in America, Europe, Lndia, and Australia. 15 C 8:176. 1 25 

Edwards (A. M.) Graded Lessons in Language. Nos. 1-6. 41 P 8:80, 

each per dozen 1 00 

500 Every Bay Business Problems in Arithmetic. 34, 35 500 cards, 

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,'00 Pertinent Questions in Civics, with Answers. 51, P 16:54 15 

The same, with Questions on 250 slips of cardboard, in box. 51 . . . 50 

Historical Game, " Our Country " . 50 100 cards, 2%sZ%. 31 50 

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Edwards (A. M.) Historical Cards. 50, 49 3)4x5 14. 

(a) General History. 200cards $1 00 

(jb) United States History, Part I. 92 cards 50 

(c) United States History, Part II. 108 cards 50 

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1 Outline and Topic Book in U. S. History. P 8 :212 50 

1 Geographical Game, " Our Country". 47,46 100 cards, 234x3% 50 

■ Geographical Cards. 47, 46 3J4x5J4- 

(a) Part I. Physical Geography and North America. 100 cards 50 

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(c) Comple'e. 200 cards 100 

■ * Topical Questions in Geography, with Regents' Questions 1894-6. 

45 C16:211 1 00 

Emerson(A. W.) Composition and Criticism. 41 L 16:82 40 

(H. 8.) Latin in High Schools. 28 P 16:30 25 

t Essays on the Kindergarten. 20,23C12:175 1 00 

Evans (W- M ) A Manual of Grammar. C 16:126 75 

FARNHAM (A. W.) t TJie Oswego Method of Teaching Geography. 45 

C 16:127 ' 50 

(Geo. L. ) The Sentence Met/iod of Beading. 36 C 16:55 50 

Felkin (H. M. and E., Translators.) HerbarVs Letters and Lectures on 

Education. C 16:300 1 75 

Fette ( W. E. ) Dialogues from Dickens. 38 C 16:335 1 00 

Fireside Authors, Game of, 52 cards with Portraits 35 

Fitch (Joshua G. ) The Art of questioning. 26, 21, 27 P 16:36 15 

The Art of Securing Attention. 21, 27 P 16:43 15 

t Lectures on Teaching, Beading Club Edition. 14 C 12:436 1 25 

Fletcher (A. E ) Sonnenschein's Cyclopaedia of Education. 14 C 8:562 3 75 
Foreign Languages. See pp. 43, 44 

Fowle(\Vin. B.) T he Teachers' Institute. 31 C 12:238 100 

Fraction Play. A Game for Young Arithmeticians. 35 52 cards 2}4xS}4 25 
Franck (F.) The German Letter- Writer, with the Forms of Polite Cor- 
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* Franklin (Benj.) Autobiography. C 16:241 100 

Froebel ( Friedrich). t A utobiography of. 20, 18, 23 C 12:183 1 50 

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t Letters on tlie Kindergarten. C 12:331 1 50 

GAINES (J. T. ) Principles of Teaching. 29 P 8:63 20 

Geometry Test Papers, by Wm. Smith. 35 Packages of 100, 8J^xlO 1 00 

Geddes (Patrick). Indus' rial Exhibitions. P 16:57 25 

German Self-Taught. (See also Franck, Hahn, Meissner). 43 P 16:87 40 

Gill ( John). School Management. 14, 30 C 16:276 1 .00 

Globes. See page 46. 

Godard (George G.) George Birkbeck, the Pioneer of Popular Educa- 
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(Harlow). An Outline Study of U. S. History. 48, 56 L 16:146 50 

Goethe (J. F. von). Egmont, with English Notes. 43 C 16:140 40 

Gore (,J. Howard). Manual of Parliamentary Practice. 37, 36 C 16:112. 50 

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Goulding (Matilda P.) Flores : A Botanical Game. 40 48 cards, 

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Gowdy (Jean L. ) Ideals and Programmes. C 16:100 75 

Granger (Oscar). Metric Tables and Problems, 32 M 16:23 25 

Grant (James). History of the Burgh Schools of Scotland. 15 C 8:591 3 00 

Grasby (W. Catton). t Teaching in Three Continents. 15 C 12:344 1 50 

Gray (Thos. J.) Methods and Courses in Normal Schools. 29 P 8:19 15 

Griffin (Ida L.) Topical Geography, with Methods. 45 L 12:142 50 

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Groszmann (M. P. E.) t A Working Manual of Child Study. 26 C 16:75 50 
The Common School and The New Education. P 16:46 25 

HAHN(F.) The Child's German Book. 43 P 16:87 40 

Hailniann (\V. N.) Primary Kindergarten Helps. 23, 20 B 8:58 75 

Sketches from the History of Education. 15, 29 P 8:39 20 

Hall (Marcella W*.) Orthoepy Made Easy. 36 C 16:100 75 

Hamilton Declamation Quarterly. A'ol. I. (all published). 38, 36 C 

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Harlow (W. B.) Early English Literature. 42 16:138 75 

Harris (W. T.) t Natural Science in the Public Schools. 40 L 16:60 50 

t Art Education The True Industrial Education. 29 L 16:77 50 

Harris (W.T.) Horace Mann. L 16:50 50 

The Theory of Education. 27 P 16:54 15 

The Educational Value of Manual Training. 29, P 8:14 15 

University and School Extension. 29 P 8:12 15 

Tne General Government and Public Education. 29 P 8:8 15 

Report on Pedagogical and Psychological Observation. 29, 25 P 8:6. . . 15 

Heermans (Forbes). Stories of the Far West. C 16:260 1 25 

Hegner (H. F.) The Young Scientist. A Supplementary Reader. 

C 16:189. 50 

*Helps to Self-Culture. 10:241 1 00 

Hendrick (Mary F.) Questions in Literature. 42 B 16:100 35 

(W.) " The Table is Set." A Oomedy for Schools. 38,36 16:30... 15 

1 Brief History of the Empire State. 48, 53, 56 C 12:218 75 

Review Questions for New York History. 58 P 16:16 05 

Syllabuses of IT. S. History, for Regents' Examinations. 49, 58 per doz. 50 

Hennig (Carl Y .) Anatomical Manikin . 37 M 8:18 1 00 

Herbart (J. F ) Letters and Lectures on Education. C 16 : 300 1 75 

Hinsdale (B. A.) Pedagogical Chairs in Colleges 29 P 8:11 15 

Schools and Studies. C 12-M2 1 50 

Hcose (James H.) Studies in Articulation. 36 16:70 50 

t On the Province of Methods of Teaching 31 C 16:376 1 00 

Pestalozzian First- Year Arithmetic. 33, 20, 32 B 16:217 50 

Pupils' Edition. B 16:156 35 

Second Year Arithmetic. B 16 :236 50 

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Slated Paper, per square yard (if by mail, 60 cts.) 62 50 

Hoss (Geo. H.) Memory Gems. 38, 36 P 16:40 1 "i 

Hotchkiss (Viala P.) Lessons in Obj erf Drawing. 52 L 4:82 50 

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Houghton (W. R.) Political Conspectus of U. S. History. 49 C 18x91. ..$2 00 

Hughes (James L.) t Mistakes in Teaching. 27, 30, C 16:135 50 

t Ihnv to Secure and Retain Attention. 27 C 16:98 50 

* The Teacher's Critic, containing both the above. 27 C 16:235 1 00 

Huntington (Rt. Rev. F. D.) Unconscious Tuition. 21, 27 P 16:45 15 

Hutton (H. H.) A Manual of Mensuration. 35, 32 B 16:168 50 

INTERLINEAR German Reading-Book, Hamiltonian Method. 

43 C 12:88 75 

Irving (Washington). RipVanW inkle, tvith Barley's Illustrations. P 16:35. 15 

Italian and English Commercial Correspondence. 44 P 12:90 50 

Italian Self-Taught. (See also Marchetti). 43, 44 P 16:80 40 

JACKSON (E. P.) Class Record Cards. 58 90 white and 10 colored 

cards 50 

Jacotot (Joseph). Sketch of, by R. II. Quick. P 16:28 15 

Jennings (A. C.) Chronological Tables of Ancient History. 48 C 8:120... 1 00 

Jewell (F. S.) Grammatical Biagrams. 41 C 12:207 75 

Johnson's Chart of Astronomy. 46 On enamelled cloth, 40x46 inches. . 3 50 

Jones (Richard). The Growth of the Idyls of the Xing. C 12:161 1 50 

Juliand (Anna M.) Brief Views of U. S. History. 48 L 16:69 35 

KAROLY(Akin). t The Bilemmas of Labor and Education. C 12:77... 100 

Kay (David) . t Education and Educators. C 12:490 2 00 

Keller (C.) Monthly Report Cards. 58 2^x4 inches, Per hundred 100 

Kennedy (John). The Philosophy of School Discipline. 27, 30,31 P 16:23. 15 

Must Greek Go? 28 L 16:66 50 

Kiddle (Henry) 3,000 Grammar Questions, with Answers 41, 56 C 16:220. 1 00 

tKindergarten Essays. 23 C 12:175 1 00 

Knott (E. E.) The Ready Reference Law Man ual. 51 C 8:381 2 00 

Kotelmann (Ludwig) School Hygiene. Translated by J. A. Berg- 

strom. C 16:300 1 50 

*tLANDON (j os ) School Management. 30 C 16:376 1 25 

The Science and Art of Questioning. C 16:120 50 

Lane ( Fred H.) Elementary Greek Education. 15 L 16:85 50 

*fLaurie (S. S.) John A?nos Comenius 19, 18 C 16:272 1 00 

Lawrence (E. C.) Recreations in Ancient Fields. C 12-177 1 00 

Lees (James T.) The Claims of Greek. 28 P 8:16 25 

Lenstrom (C.) Easy Method of Learning Swedish. 43 C 12:160 1 50 

Lessing (G. E.) German Fables in Prose and Verse. 43 B 12:68 40 

Locke (John). Sfatchof, by R. H. Quick. P 16:27 15 

Lowrie (R. W.) How to obtain Greatest Benefit from a Book. 42 P 8:12.. 25 
Lund (II.) Method of Learning Danish and Norwegian. 12:135, $1.25; Key 25 
Lyttleton (E.) The Problem of Home Training. 31 C 12:200 1 50 

MACALPINE (Neil). English- Gcdic and Gaelic-English Dictionary. 

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M'CulIy's Perforated Erasers. 63. Per doz 1 00 

*Mace (W. H.) A Wording Man ual of American History. 48 C 16:297... 100 
McCosh (James), f Higher Education and a Common Language. 28 C 

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McKay (John S.) 100 Experiments in Natural Science. P 16:50 15 

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* Mann (Horace). Thoughts for a Young Man. C 16:241 $ 1 00 

Sketch of. by W. T. Harris. L 16:50 50 

Maps for the Wall. See page 46. 

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Palestine 22x35 10 00 

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Onondaga County. 46 Cloth, 4x4% feet 10 00 

New York State. 46 Cloth, 61x76 inches 5 0< 

Outline Maps (0x9) of New York. 45. Per pad of 50 15 

Political Maps. See page 46. 

Marble (A. P.) Powers of School Officers. 51 P 16:27 15 

Marchetti (< }.) Method of Learning Italian. 43, 44 C 12:218, $1.20; Key. . 35 

Italian Reader, with English Notes. 44 12:128 75 

Italian and English Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues. C 24:165 75 

Marenholtz-Buelow (Baroness) School Work-shop. 27 P 16:27 15 

1 Child and Child Nature. Froebel'sEd'l Theories. 20, 23, 25 C 12:207. 1 50 

Maudsley (H.) Sex in Mind and Education. 25, 27 P 16:42 15 

Maxwell (\Y. H.) Examinations as Tests for Promotion. 29 P 8:11 15 

The Text-Books of Come nius, cuts from Orbis Pictus. 19 8:24 25 

Meese (John D.) Facts in Literature. 42 P 16:38 15 

Meiklejohn (J. M. D ) The New Education . 20, 23, 27 L 16:47 50 

An Old Educational Reformer (Dr. Andrew Bell.) 18 C 16:182 1 00 

Meissner (M.) Method of Learning German. 43 C 12:238 1 25 

Michael (O. S.) Algebra for Beginners. 35, 56 C 16:120 75 

* Michigan, Government Class Book of, Nichols, C 16:308 1 00 

Mill (John Stuart) Inaugural Address at St. Andrews. 29 P 8:31 25 

Miller (Warner), Education as a DepH of Government. 29 P 8:12 15 

Mills (C. De B.) T he Tree of Mythology . C 8:281 3 00 

Milne (James M.) Teachers'' Institutes, Past and Present 15 P 8:22 25 

Milton (John). A Small Tractate of Education 27, 28 P 16:26 15 

Sketchof, by R. H. Quick. P 16:55 15 

Minutes of the International Congress of Education, 1884. 28 C 12:4 vols. 5 00 

Missouri, Civil Government of, Northam. 51 C 16:151 75 

Monroe (Will S.) + Labors of Henry Barnard. 18, L 16:35 50 

Morey (Amelia). Outline of Work in Elementary Language. 41 C 16:139. 50 
Mottoes for the School Room. 7x14. Per set , 1 00 

NEW YORK Question Book, with all the Questions of the Uniform. 
State, Cornell, Scholarship, and Normal Entrance Examinations, 
to March 31, 1890, with Answers. 56 8:461. P $1.00 ; C 2 0Q 

The same, Supplement No. 1, to June, 1891. 56 M 8:63 25 

The same. Supplement No. 2, to June, 1892. 56 M 8:139. 25 

The same, Supplements Nos. 1 and 2, in one volume. C 8:202 1 00 

New York Uniform Questions 

* The same, Uniform only. Supplements No. 3, 1892-3 ; No. 4, 1893-4 ; 

No. 5, 1894-5; No. 6, 1895-6; No. 7, 1896-7; No. 8, 1897-8; 56, each C. . . . 1 00 
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New York Uniform Que°tions 

* The same, Questions in Drawing, 1892-96. C 16:221. 1896-98. 16:192, 

300 illustrations, 52, 56, each $1 00 

The same. Questions in Algebra, Book-keeping, Physics. 56 M 16:65. 25 

The same, Questions in American History. 56 M 16:78 25 

The same, Questions in Arithmetic. 32, 56 M 16:49 25 

The same, + Questions in Civil Gov't, and School Law, 56 M. 16:92.. 25 

The same, Questions in Geography. 45, 56 M 16:73 25 

The same, tQuestions in Grammar. 56 M 16:75 — , 25 

The same, Questions in Methods and School Economy. 56 M 16:65. 25 

The same, Questions in Physiology. 56 M 16:69 25 

* State Examination Questions to 1894. C 16:402 1 00 

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The Questions in Book-keeping, with Answers. 56 P 16:31 10 

Geography of the Empire State. 42, 51, 52 C 8:120 75 

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